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Oral Pathology (PATH 4510) > Unit 1 - Introduction to Oral Pathology (Textbook) > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Introduction to Oral Pathology (Textbook) Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Pathology

A

The science of the causes & effects of diseases.

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2
Q

Define: Pathogenesis

A

The development of a disease.

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3
Q

Define: Pathophysiology

A

The abnormal physiological process/functional changes associated with disease or injury.

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4
Q

Define: Oral Pathology

A

The specialty of dentistry and discipline of pathology that deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral regions.

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5
Q

What does the acronym ‘MIND’ stand for?

A

Metabolic, Inflammatory, Neoplasia, and Developmental

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6
Q

What are the subcategories of metabolic oral pathologies?

A

Hormonal & Nutritional

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7
Q

What are the 5 subcategories of inflammatory oral pathologies?

A

Trauma, Reactive, Radiation, Infection, Immunologic

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8
Q

What are the subcategories of neoplasia oral pathologies?

A

Benign & Malignant

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9
Q

What are the subcategories of developmental oral pathologies?

A

Genetic & Acquired

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10
Q

What are the 2 divisions of benign neoplasia oral pathologies?

A

Odontogenic & Nonodontogenic

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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of malignant neoplasia oral pathologies?

A

Carcinoma & Sarcoma

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12
Q

What are the 8 categories of diagnosis?

A

Clinical, radiographic, historical, laboratory, microscopic, surgical, therapeutic, differential

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13
Q

What type of diagnosis suggests that the strength of the diagnosis comes from the clinical appearance of the lesion?

A

Clinical

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14
Q

When a diagnosis can be made on unique clinical features, biopsy and/or surgical intervention is not necessary. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

Name some examples of lesions that can be easily diagnoses clinically

A

Fordyce Granules, Torus Plantinus, Mandibular Tori, Melanin Pigmentation, Retrocuspid Papillae, Lingual Varicosities

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16
Q

The use of personal history, family history, past and present medical/dental history, drug history, and the history of disease can provide information necessary for final diagnosis. What type of diagnosis is this?

A

Historical

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16
Q

What is considered radiographic diagnosis?

A

The radiograph provides sufficient information to establish the diagnoisis; although additional clinical and historical information may contribute, the diagnosis is obtained from the radiograph.

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17
Q

Pathologic conditions in which the family history contributes a role in diagnosis include:

A

Amelogensis Imperfecta, Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

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18
Q

Clinical laboratory tests, including blood chemistries and urinalysis, can provide information that contributes to a diagnosis. Which type of diagnosis?

A

Laboratory

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19
Q

The microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen taken from the lesion in question contributes significant information. Which type of diagnosis?

A

Microscopic

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20
Q

The strength of a surgical diagnosis comes from surgical intervention. Which type of diagnosis?

A

Surgical

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21
Q

Which type of deficiencies are common conditions to be diagnosed by therapeutic means?

A

Nutritional

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22
Q

What is a differential diagnosis?

A

The differential diagnosis is that point in the diagnostic process when the practitioner decides which test or procedure is required to rule out the conditions originally suspected and to establish the definitive or final diagnosis. All previously discussed components are applied to the differential diagnosis. The final diagnosis emerges from a thorough evaluation of the suspected lesions.

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23
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

A biopsy is the surgical removal of a section of tissue or other material for the purpose of diagnosing, estimating the prognosis, and monitoring the course of disease when the tissue undergoes microscopic assessment.

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24
Q

Which type of biopsy uses a tubular surgical instrument that is inserted through to the deeper tissue to cut the tissue off at the base?

A

Punch Biopsy

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25
Q

What is an excision biopsy?

A

The entire lesion with borders is removed for assessment.

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26
Q

What is an incisional biopsy?

A

Only representative tissue samples are obtained by excising a wedge of tissue.

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27
Q

What is an exfoliate smear/cytology?

A

Sample cells to be examined are collected by scraping the surface of a lesion with a cotton swab.

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28
Q

What is the main disadvantage to using an exfoliate smear?

A

It is likely to evaluate only superficial cells, which may have little diagnostic value.

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29
Q

Exfoliate cytology plays a major role in the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions. True or false?

A

False. They play a minor role, as the method is likely to evaluate only superficial cells, which may have little diagnostic value..

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30
Q

What is the function of toluidine blue dye?

A

It differentially stains cells depending on their configuration. The dye has a selective dye uptake by abnormal cells, which confirms abnormal cellular changes.

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31
Q

Toluidine blue dye is often used during biopsy to define margins of the lesion to discover secondary lesions. True or false?

A

True.

32
Q

What is the primary disadvantage to using toluidine blue dye on surface lesions?

A

Inflammatory cells are often present with a benign lesion and also take up the stain, which makes interpretation of the test difficult.

33
Q

A recent study regarding toluidine blue dye suggests that only dark royal blue staining should be regarded as positive. What colour do benign lesions stain and why is that?

A

Benign lesions appear as more pale blue, as they have no nuclear staining.

34
Q

This test includes a light that provides a blue-white illumination and a flavoured acetic acid mouth rinse before the ruse to the light source. What is it?

A

Tissue Reflectance

35
Q

What is the purpose of the tissue reflectance test?

A

It permits the detection of abnormalities in the oral cavity that may not be visible.

36
Q

Describe the appearance of typical vs. abnormal epithelium during a tissue reflectance test.

A

Typical epithelium absorbs the light and appears dark, whereas abnormal epithelium reflects and appears bright white.

37
Q

A kit combining the tissue reflectance test with blue dye is available. Is this test effective in the early detection of oral cancer?

A

No, instead, they detect dysplasia, a condition that may or may not be cancerous.

38
Q

A handheld device provides the direct visualization of autofluorescence and the changes in fluorescence that can occur when abnormalities are present. The unit omits a cone of blue light into the oral cavity, creating different fluorescence responses, depending on the tissue health. Which test is this?

A

Autofluorescence (Narrow-Emission)

39
Q

Describe healthy vs. abnormal tissue appearance using autofluorescence testing.

A

Tissues considered abnormal look dark green to black; health tissues appear pale green.

40
Q

What test is a combination of tissue reflectance and autofluorescence, using a white light source?

A

Autofluorescence Spectroscopy

41
Q

What is the purpose of an autofluorescence spectroscopy test?

A

It can help to identify oral mucosal abnormalities.

42
Q

The small probe size that is used during an autofluorescence spectroscopy is only useful on smaller localized lesions and only on those initially noted by observation. True or false?

A

True

43
Q

The use of salivary biomarkers should increase the amount of unnecessary negative biopsies. True or false?

A

False. It should decrease them.

44
Q

Many of the early detection methods discussed in this unit are often subjective, requiring a biopsy for suspicious lesions. True or false?

A

True.

45
Q

Thinning of tissue layers with a shiny and translucent appearance

A

Atrophy

46
Q

A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is more than 5mm in diameter, usually containing serous fluid, and looks like a blister.

A

Bulla

47
Q

A segment or lobe that is a part of the whole; these lobes sometimes appear fused together

A

Lobule

48
Q

An area that is usually distinguished by a colour different from that of the surrounding tissue; it is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue. Ex. Freckle.

A

Macule

49
Q

A small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue. (not puss containing)

A

Papule

50
Q

Attached by a stemlike or stalklike base, similar to that of a mushroom.

A

Pedunculated

51
Q

Discrete, slightly elevated area of altered texture or colouration.

A

Plaque

52
Q

Variously sized circumscribed elevations containing pus.

A

Pustules

53
Q

Lesions with a broad base.

A

Sessile

54
Q

Deep loss of epithelial layer that may extend to connective tissue layers.

A

Ulcer

55
Q

A small, elevates lesion less than 1cm in diameter that contains a serous fluid.

A

Vesicle

56
Q

A palpable solid lesion found in soft tissue; it can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface.

A

Nodule

57
Q

The evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area.

A

Palpation

58
Q

An abnormal redness of the mucosa or gingiva

A

Erythema

59
Q

A clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch.

A

Erythroplakia

60
Q

A clinical term for a white plaque like lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease.

A

Leukoplakia

61
Q

Paleness of the skin or mucosal tissues

A

Pallor

62
Q

Corrugated

A

Wrinkled

63
Q

Central depression

A

Crater

64
Q

A hard covering that is composed of dried serum, pus, blood, or a combination

A

Crust

65
Q

A cleft or groove, normal or otherwise, showing prominent depth

A

Fissure

66
Q

Iduration

A

Hardness of tissue from an increased number of surrounding epithelial cells

67
Q

Resembling small, nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters

A

Papillary

68
Q

Loose membranous surface layer of exudate that contains microorganisms formed during an inflammatory reaction.

A

Pseudomembrane

69
Q

Deep lesion that pushes up and stretches the surface tissue

A

Smooth

70
Q

Rough warlike surface with multiple irregular folds

A

Verrucous

71
Q

The process by which parts of a whole join together, or fuse, to make one.

A

Coalescence

72
Q

Diffuse

A

Describes a lesion with borders that are not well defined, making it impossible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion; this may make treatment more difficult and, depending on the biopsy results, more radical.

73
Q

Multilocular

A

Describes a lesion that extends beyond the confines of one distinct area and is defined as many lobes or parts that are somewhat fused together, making up the entire lesion.

74
Q

Observed radiographically when the apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly shaped; occurs as a response to stimuli, which can include a cyst, tumor, or trauma

A

Root Resorption

75
Q

Unilocular

A

Having one compartment or unit that is well defined or outlined, as in a simple radicular cyst

76
Q

A radiolucent lesion that extends between the roots, as seen in a traumatic bone cyst; this lesion appears to extend up the periodontal ligament

A

Scalloping Around Root

77
Q

Term used to describe a lesion with borders that are specifically defined and in which one can clearly see the exact margins and extent

A

Well Circumscribed

78
Q

After arriving at a differential diagnosis, information from which one of the following categories will best establish a final or definitive diagnosis?

a. Clinical
b. Historical
c. Microscopic
d. Radiographic

A

Microscopic

Oral Pathology (PATH 4510) (3 decks)

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