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Oral Pathology (PATH 4510) > Unit 1 - Introduction to Oral Pathology (Lecture) > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Introduction to Oral Pathology (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature of a disease and its causes, development, and consequences

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2
Q

What are the 4 components of disease addressed by pathology?

A
  1. Cause/etiology
  2. Mechanisms of development
  3. Morphologic changes/structural alteration of cells
  4. Consequences of changes (lesions/manifestations)
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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Study of the development of disease

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4
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of the changes of normal mechanical, physiological, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease or resulting from an abnormal syndrome

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5
Q

Oral Pathology

A

Study of specifically diseases affecting the oral cavity

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6
Q

Lesion

A

Term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue

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7
Q

Manifestation

A

Clinical evidence or effects (signs & symptoms of disease)

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8
Q

What are our 3 obligations as DH’s to study oral pathology?

A

Legal, professional, and ethical

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9
Q

What is the role of the DH in oral pathology?

A

Identifying, Interpreting, and Reporting

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10
Q

Accurate descriptions of oral lesions must include what 3 things?

A

Location, distribution, and physical characteristics

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11
Q

Describe a tissue reflectance test

A

This test includes using a light providing a blue-white illumination and an acetic mouth rinse prior to illumination. Conducted in a dim room.

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12
Q

Describe normal vs. abnormal tissue readings during a tissue reflectance test

A

Normal tissue appears dark (absorbs light), whereas abnormal tissue appears bright white (reflects light)

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12
Q

Describe normal vs. abnormal tissue readings during a tissue reflectance test

A

Normal tissue appears dark (absorbs light), whereas abnormal tissue appears bright white (reflects light)

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13
Q

Describe an autofluorescence test

A

Hand held unit emits a cone of blue light creating different levels of fluorescence

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14
Q

Describe normal vs. abnormal tissue readings during an autofluorescence test

A

Healthy tissues appear pale green, whereas abnormal tissues appear dark green/black

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15
Q

Describe an autofluorescence spectroscopy

A

Combines tissue reflectance and autofluorescence using white light; it uses a small probe, making it only useful on small lesions and only those noted on observation. The value of this test is questionable.

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16
Q

What is a toluidine blue stain test?

A

A valuable preliminary screening tool for oral cancer. The dye is applied topically to suspected site; the dye will define margins for biopsy.

17
Q

What is the disadvantage/draw back to the use of toluidine blue stain?

A

Inflammatory cells will also pick up stain.

18
Q

Describe a positive result for a toluidine blue stain test?

A

Only dark royal blue staining is positive. Benign lesions have no nuclear staining and appear pale blue.

19
Q

What does the acronym MIND stand for?

A

Metabolic, Inflammatory, Neoplasm, Developmental

20
Q

What are the 3 subcategories and sub-subcategories of a metabolic disease/lesion?

A

Compromised Organ System
Hormonal
Nutritional
(no sub-sub categories)

21
Q

What are the 4 subcategories and sub-subcategories of an inflammatory disease/lesion?

A

Trauma (Physical, Chemical, Thermal)
Reactive (no sub-sub)
Infection (Bacterial, Fungal, Viral)
Immunologic (Endogenous allergen, Exogenous allergen)

22
Q

What are the 3 subcategories and sub-subcategories of a neoplasm disease/lesion?

A

Benign (N/A)
Premalignant (N/A)
Malignant (Carcinoma, Sarcoma)

23
Q

What are the 2 subcategories and sub-subcategories of a developmental disease/lesion/condition?

A

Genetic

Acquired

24
Q

What are the 8 categories of diagnosis?

A

Clinical, Radiographic, Historical, Laboratory, Surgical, Therapeutic, Microscopic, Differential

25
Q

What type of diagnosis: diagnosis derived from clinical appearance and palpation of the lesion; based on colour, shape, location, and history of the lesion

A

Clinical

26
Q

What type of diagnosis: microscopic evaluation of a biopsy specimen taken from the lesion is often the main component of the definitive diagnosis

A

Microscopic

27
Q

What type of diagnosis: personal history, family history, past and present medical and dental histories, history of drug ingestion and history of presenting disease or lesion provides information necessary for the definitive diagnosis

A

Historical

28
Q

What type of diagnosis: radiograph provides sufficient information to establish the diagnosis

A

Radiographic

29
Q

What type of diagnosis: surgical intervention provides conclusive evidence of diagnosis when the lesion is opened

A

Surgical

30
Q

What type of diagnosis: prescribing therapeutic drugs and observing the results based on clinical and historical information

A

Therapeutic

31
Q

What type of diagnosis: laboratory tests, including blood chemistries and urinalysis, can provide information for a definitive diagnosis

A

Laboratory

32
Q

What are the 4 main reasons for biopsy?

A
  • Highly reliable and accurate method
  • Provides a microscopic examination (to have greater knowledge of the area)
  • Rules out or confirms the malignancy of the area
  • Allows for a definitive diagnosis
33
Q

What is an excision biopsy?

A

Surgical removal of the entire lesion plus a rum of surrounding normal tissue with a scalpel (safety margin)

34
Q

What is an incisional biopsy?

A

Removal of only a small position of the whole lesion plus a small section/rim of surrounding tissue (wedge shape)

35
Q

What is a needle biopsy?

A

Needle aspiration; thin needle inserted into the area and material of the lesion is removed

36
Q

What is a punch biopsy>

A

Tubular instrument is inserted through to the deeper tissue to cut off tissue at the base; a type of incisional biopsy

37
Q

A test involving scraping the lesion with a cotton swab, evaluating only superficial cells, making it not ideal.

A

Exfoliative Smear/Cytology Sample

38
Q

When a sample has an abnormal result during an exfoliative smear, what is the next step?

A

A biopsy is mandatory

39
Q

Brush painlessly collects cells from full thickness (penetrates to basement membrane); positive results should be biopsied

A

Transepithelial Cytology

40
Q

Once lesion/portion is removed during oral exfoliate and transepithelial cytology, what happens?

A
  1. Specimen is placed in a fixative solution (formalin)
  2. Specimen is sent to a lab where microscopic slides are prepared for examination
  3. Examination by cytopathologist leads to definitive diagnosis

Oral Pathology (PATH 4510) (3 decks)

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