Unit 1 - Introduction

Question 1

define cell membrane

Answer 1

a lipid and protein barrier that separates cells from their external environment (plasma membrane)

Question 2

what is the difference between a teleological and mechanistic approach?

Answer 2

teleological describes the purpose of the process and mechanistic explains the mechanisms that underlie the process

Question 3

define physiology

Answer 3

the study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

Question 4

what are the 4 key themes in physiology?

Answer 4

1. structure and function (compartmentation)
2. biological energy (ex. ATP)
3. information flow (moving through the body)
4. homeostasis (constant internal environment)

Question 5

define integrating centre

Answer 5

control center that evaluates incoming signals and decides on an appropriate response

Question 6

define response loop

Answer 6

control pathway that begins with the stimulus and ends with an response

Question 7

define feedback loop

Answer 7

info about a homeostatic response that is sent back to the integrating centre, these are the types of reflect control

negative: looking to stabilize, removes signal to return to original value, kept at set point, homeostatic
positive: creating an unstable environment, reinforces signal, going further from set point until external signal turns response off, not homeostatic (delivering a baby)
feedforward: anticipatory control, predicts change and creates response loop

Question 8

what is the difference between acclimatisation and acclimation?

Answer 8

acclimatization is adapting to conditions when it naturally occurs and acclimating is adapting to a laboratory setting

Question 9

what are the 4 general functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 9

1. physical isolation
2. regulation of exchange with the environment
3. communicating with the cell and the environment
4. structural support

Question 10

define the fluid mosiac model

Answer 10

membrane composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins inserted wholly or partially into the bilayer

Question 11

what are the types of membrane proteins?

Answer 11

• integral: tightly bounded
• peripheral: attach via noncovalent interactions
• transmembrane: all across the membrane
• lipid-anchored: covalently bound to lipid tails

Question 12

what are the 4 components of the cytoplasm?

Answer 12

1. cytosol: intracellular fluid
2. inclusions: insoluble material
3. cytoskeleton: internal support
4. organelles: compartments that play a role in function

Question 13

define ribosomes

Answer 13

small RNA and protein molecules that create proteins from the DNA instructions

Question 14

define motor protiens

Answer 14

they convert stored energy into movements

Question 15

define endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

interconnected membrane tubes that synthesis. store and transport biomolecules

Question 16

what are the 6 levels on organization?

Answer 16

chemical –> cellular –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organsim

Question 17

define cell junctions

Answer 17

membrane proteins and extracellular amtrix that holds cells together to form tissues

Question 18

what are the 3 main types of cell junctions?

Answer 18

anchoring: hold cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix (desmosome)

tight: clock movement of material between cells (occluding)

gap: allow direct cell to cell communication (communicating)

Question 19

what is between the cells?

Answer 19

extracellular matrix, it is secreted and syntesizes by cells in the tissue

Question 20

define epithelial tissue

Answer 20

tissue that protects the internal environment of the body and regulates the exchange of materials (exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, and secretory) Multiple layers connected to one another and to the basal lamina.

basal lamina: basement, protein fibres hold the cell to the underlying cell layers

Question 21

what is the purpose of each type of epithelial tissue?

Answer 21

exchange: exchange of material
ciliated: line airways and female reproductive
secretory: synthesize and release products into external
transporting: selective transport of non-gaseous materials
protective: found on the body surface

Question 21

define connective tissue

Answer 21

provides structural support and barriers. it has lots of ECM that contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, and fibronectin (loose, dense, adipose, blood, and supporting)

Question 21

what are the 4 main types of tissues?

Answer 21

nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective

Question 22

what is the purpose of the types of connective tissues?

Answer 22

loose: elastic tissue
dense: Strength
adipose: contains fats
blood: matrix lacking insoluble fibres
supporting: dense substance, bone

Question 23

define muscle tissue

Answer 23

ability to contract to produce force and movement

skeletal: gross body movement
smooth: movement of substance in and out of body
cardiac: moves blood

Question 24

define neural tissue

Answer 24

carry info from one part of the body to another, very little ECM

neuron: carry info via electrical/chemical signal
glial: glue/support for neurons

Question 25

what is the difference between function and mechanism?

Answer 25

function is understanding the why and mechanism is understanding the how

Question 26

what are the 2 types of signals?

Answer 26

electrical: changes in cell membrane potential
chemical: molecules secreted by cell into extracellular fluid

Question 27

what are the 4 main ways to cells to communicate?

Answer 27

1. gap junctions: allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of signals
2. contact-dependent signals: when surface molecules on one membrane bind to another cell membrane
3. chemicals that diffuse through extracellular fluid
4. long-distance: combo of chem/elec signals carried by nerve cells and chemical signals carried by the blood

Question 28

where can you find target cell receptors?

Answer 28

in the nucleus, cytosol, or on cell membrane

Question 29

what are the 3 regions of a receptor?

Answer 29

extracellular: bindin the ligand
trans-membrane: hydrophobic
intracellular: activating the cellular response

Question 30

what is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

Answer 30

agonist molecule can mimic the ligan and bind to the same receptor to create the same response, and antagonist will also fit into the receptor as the ligand ut will block the activity and cause no response

Question 31

what are the 4 steps in response to chemical signals?

Answer 31

1. signal molecule binds to the receptor
2. activated receptor interacts with molecule inside cell to start a signal
3. signal is carried to the appropriate place inside the cell (signal transduction)
4. response occurs

Question 32

define local control

Answer 32

effects are exerted on neighboring cells

Question 33

define reflex control

Answer 33

reaction is one or more organs is controlled from elsewhere in the body

Question 34

what are some important things to know about homeostatic control systems?

Answer 34

• stability results from a balance of input and output
• negative feedback creates more stability
• maintain similarity, not constancy
• set points can be reset
• require communication between cells

Question 35

what are the steps of the afferent and efferent pathways?

Answer 35

stimulus–> sensor–> input signal–> integrating center–> output signal–> target–> response