Unit 1 (Industry and Enterprise, Sustainability, People Culture Society, Production Techniques and Systems, Informing Design Decisions Flashcards
Define globalisation
The way in which the world is becoming more interconnected.
Define productivity
The rate at which something is being made
Define process speed
The speed at which something is digitally processed
What is automation
Where since the Industrial Revolution, human unskilled workers have been increasingly replaced with machinery. There have been changes in job roles rather than unemployment in some cases - eg: people have been ‘up-skilled’ to program robots to weld, instead of welding themselves.
How can companies change their workflow to make it more sustainable?
Efficient workflow: systems put in place to eliminate time wasted during production
Continuous improvement: continually making small adjustments to production techniques to improve speed, quality and resources use. It encourages people to work together and give regular feedback
What are the three types of virtual modelling
CAD: exploring design ideas
CAT: testing strength and efficiency
CAM: prototyping
What ways can be used to help with enterprise (starting a business)
Crowdfunding: site where many people can make small contributions in return for discounts and shares in the company prophets, if successful
Cooperatives: members with equal shares and interests in an idea join forces
Virtual marketing and retail: advertisement via celebrities or influencers. Use of algorithms to generate information about users’ buying habits
Fair trade: trading partnership ensuring workers in developing countries have good working conditions and fair wage. It represents growing equality of the workers. This has encouraged companies to fair trade endorse some of their products to please consumers
What are types of non renewable waste disposal
Incineration
Landfill
Burial
Recycling
Dumping in ocean
What can designers investigate to improve about the manufacturing process when carrying a life cycle assessment
Alternative materials/manufacture
Local materials
Recycling labels
Energy sources
How can companies reduce waste
Recycling schemes
Recyclable parts
Reduces disposables / pollutants (eg cosmetic companies have been issues a legislation that means their products cannot contain plastic micro beads, that pollute the ocean)
Financial incentives
Renewable power sources
Re-useable parts
Labelling recyclables
Define culture
Ideas, customs and social behaviours of a group of people
Define social (society)
A group of people with common territory, interactions and culture. In order to stay popular, companies have trend forecasts, which are able to predict the future patterns and colours two years before the product comes onto the market, getting them ahead of their market competitors.
Define moral (morality)
The ideas of right and wrong: honesty and fairness. Eg: some companies choose not to use animal products in cosmetics because of peoples’ beliefs
What does inclusive design need to factor in
Elderly. Eg: understanding the difficulties this user group experiences, such as a long shoehorn so they dont have to bend down.
Disabled. Eg: companies need to understand the nature of the physical disability, such as visual impairments, mobility restrictions or motor control.
Sizes
Shape
Respecting faiths and beliefs. Eg: symbols, dietary requirements, and clothing restrictions - designers may incorporate clothes into their collections that allow customers from other cultures to dress more modestly.
How can designers understand the market
R and D (research and development)
Define planned obsolescence
Consumer driven: something with a fixed lifespan that is designed to be improved. However, it increases more waste
What is CAM
Automated machinery controlled by software:
CNC milling machines (can work 3D pathways)
CNC laser cutting machine (can cut through material with different speed rates)
Define flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
An ensemble of automated machinery that can calibrate, reprogrammed to change their task and retool. They can also be changed to make more or fewer parts without stopping the other process areas
What is just in time (JIT) production
Where the product is made on demand
What are the pros and cons of JIT
Pros
- reduces need (therefore cost) of warehouses (storage)
- reduces material deteriorating
- reduces waste of excess material and money
Cons
- takes longer to get from order to delivery
- need stable supplier
Two places that products can be repaired
Can be repaired at home
Need to be repaired by a professional
How is planned obsolescence achieved
Making products prone to wear and tear
The cost of repair greater than new product
Follows fashion trends
What are modular buildings?
- Factory manufactured in sections
- Cheap
- Quick to put up
- Improvements in stock control mean less storage space is needed
How do consumers impact the market?
Market pull: product ideas are produced in response to market forces or customer needs (eg small, high performance cameras)
Technology push: happens when there is a consumer demand for a new innovative product. To improve existing products or create new ones (eg smartphone touchscreen technology)
Advantages of CAD
- ideas drawn and developed quickly
- designs viewed from all angles
- some forms of testing and consumer feedback can be done before the product is made
Disadvantages of CAD
- expensive to set up
- needs skilled work force
- difficult to keep up with changing and improving technology
Advantages of CAM
- fast and accurate
- machines can run constantly
- is repetitive
Disadvantages of CAM
- expensive to set up
- needs a skilled workforce
What is lean manufacturing?
- a Japanese concept requiring minimum costs and maximum efficiency
- cuts down on waste and use of materials during production
- done by adapting and making changes to the manufacturing process
- for instance, a packaging net could be redesigned to tesselate, reducing material use
What is ‘design for maintenance’?
- a term used when designing products to be more durable
- some parts able to be replaced or repaired
- only possible with low tech or modular products, such as bikes
What is ‘design for assembly’?
- a concept that, at end of life, can be disassembled and reused or recycled
Examples of environmental design
- renewable materials
- cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions
- reducing finite resources
