Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Unit 1 Important Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Important Vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

differences in atomic electronegativities

A

polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 of the same molecules forming hydrogen bonds

A

cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 different molecules form hydrogen bonds

A

adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass; also made up of elements

A

matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

A

element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio; has emergent properties - characteristics different from those of its elements

A

compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

needed by an organism to live
a healthy life and reproduce

A

essential elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

only required in minute quantities

A

Trace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

smallest unit of matter that still
retains the properties of an element

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 main subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what forms atomic nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what “floats” or is a ring around the atomic nucleus

A

electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is neutron mass and proton mass measured in

A

daltons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

number of protons in its nucleus

A

atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Atomic mass

A

can be approximated by the mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two atomic forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

capacity to cause change

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

energy that matter has because of its location or structure

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

outermost shell

A

valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

H–H

A

structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

H_2

A

molecular formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

an atom’s attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond

A

electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

atoms share the electrons equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

A

polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Both atoms have complete valence shells, transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

positively charged ion

A

cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

negatively charged ion

A

anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

an attraction between an anion and a cation

A

ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

weak chemical bonds

A

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

regions of positive or negative charge enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another

A

van der waals interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

making and breaking of chemical bonds

A

chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called

A

reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

final molecules of a chemical reaction are called

A

products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

A

chemical equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

water molecules staying close together

A

cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

clinging of one substance to another

A

adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

A

thermal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

represents the average kinetic energy of molecules

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

A

calorie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

A

specific heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break,
Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

A

water’s high specific heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

dissolving agent of a solution

A

solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

substance that is dissolved

A

solute

52
Q

water is the solvent

A

aqueous solution

53
Q

an affinity for water

A

hydrophilic

54
Q

no affinity for water

A

hydrophobic

55
Q

sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule

A

Molecular mass

56
Q

number of moles of solute per liter of solution

A

Molarity

57
Q

increase the H+ concentration in water

A

acids

58
Q

reduce concentration of H+ in water

A

bases

59
Q

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-

A

buffers

60
Q

human buffer

A

carbonic acid

61
Q

a compound containing carbon

A

organic compound

62
Q

3 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

63
Q

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

64
Q

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

A

isomer

65
Q

differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

A

structural isomers

66
Q

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but the atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds

A

cis-trans isomers

67
Q

isomers that are mirror images of one another and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

A

Enantiomers

68
Q

the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

A

Functional groups

69
Q

seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life

A

Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, Carboxyl group, Amino group, Sulfhydryl group, Phosphate group, Methyl group

70
Q

alcohol

A

hydroxyl group

71
Q

ketone, aldehyde

A

carbonyl group

72
Q

carboxylic acid, or organic acid

A

carboxyl group

73
Q

amine

A

amino group

74
Q

thiol

A

sulfhydryl group

75
Q

organic phosphate

A

phosphate group

76
Q

methylated compound

A

methyl group

77
Q

organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

78
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

A

polymer

79
Q

small building-block molecules

A

monomer

80
Q

two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

81
Q

Polymers disassembled to monomers, two monomers break through the gaining of a water molecule

A

hydrolysis

82
Q

speed up chemical reactions

A

enzymes

83
Q

include sugars and the polymers of sugars

A

carbohydrates

84
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

85
Q

most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

86
Q

dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide (glycosidic linkage)

87
Q

polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

A

polysaccharides

88
Q

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

A

starch

89
Q

storage polysaccharide in animals

A

glycogen

90
Q

major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

91
Q

found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

chitin

92
Q

do not form true polymers

A

lipids

93
Q

unifying feature of lipids

A

having little or no affinity for water

94
Q

why lipids are hydrophobic

A

they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

95
Q

most biologically important lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

96
Q

glycerol and fatty acids make what

A

fats

97
Q

three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

glycerol

98
Q

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

A

fatty acid

99
Q

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

100
Q

have one or more double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

101
Q

major function of fats

A

energy storage

102
Q

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

A

phospholipids

103
Q

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

steroids

104
Q

a component in animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

105
Q

defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support

A

protein functions

106
Q

act as catalysts, to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

A

enzymatic proteins

107
Q

unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A

polypeptides

108
Q

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

A

protein

109
Q

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

A

amino acids

110
Q

side chains

A

R groups

111
Q

unique sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

112
Q

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

113
Q

determined by interactions among various side chains

A

tertiary structure

114
Q

results from interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

A

quaternary structure

115
Q

loss of a protein’s native structure

A

denaturation - biologically inactive

116
Q

a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

A

DNA (gene)

117
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

118
Q

consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

A

nucleotide

119
Q

portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

A

nucleoside

120
Q

only found in DNA

A

Thymine

121
Q

only found in RNA

A

Uracil

122
Q

sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

123
Q

sugar in RNA

A

ribose

124
Q

pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

A-T G-C (complementary base pairing)

125
Q

pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

A-U G-C

126
Q

the approach used to analyze large sets of genes or compare the genomes of different species

A

genomics

127
Q

analysis of proteins

A

proteomics

AP Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions