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Old Higher Human Biology > Unit 1 - Immunity and Viruses > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Immunity and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes have a combination of _________ that are unique to an individual

A

surface proteins

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2
Q

The only exception of unique surface proteins are in

A

identical twins

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3
Q

The immune system can recognize the combination of membrane antigenic molecules as ______ antigens

A

‘self’

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4
Q

Foreign antigens are recognized as being _______ and are ________

A

non-self, destroyed

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5
Q

Safe blood transfusion depends on giving blood to a patient which the immune system will

A

recognize as self

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6
Q

Blood from group O donors do not have any

A

antigens

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7
Q

Blood group O can be given to

A

anybody

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8
Q

Group O are what type of donor?

A

universal donors

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9
Q

What blood group doesn’t have any antigens?

A

Group O

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10
Q

Blood group A can be given what blood groups?

A

Blood group A and AB

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11
Q

Blood group A can’t be given to blood group O or blood group B because blood group A has

A

anti-A antibodies

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12
Q

Blood group B can be given to what blood groups?

A

Blood groups B and AB

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13
Q

Blood group B can’t be given to blood groups A or O because they have

A

Anti-B antibodies

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14
Q

Blood group AB patients do not have any blood group antibodies so therefore can

A

receive blood from anyone

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15
Q

Blood group AB can receive blood from anyone so are known as

A

universal recipients

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16
Q

If the wrong blood was given to a person, what would happen?

A

The donated blood cells would stick together and block blood vessels and the patient would die

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17
Q

Antibodies are what?

A

Proteins synthesized by lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign antigens

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18
Q

Antibodies are synthesised by

A

lymphocytes of the immune system

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19
Q

Antibodies are produced when?

A

there are foreign ‘non-self’ antigens detected

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20
Q

Antibodies are what shape?

A

Y

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21
Q

Antibodies have a receptor for a specific

A

antigen

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22
Q

Antibodies have receptors on the end of each

A

arm of the Y

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23
Q

The receptors in an antibody are for a

A

specific antigen

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24
Q

Antibodies bind to antigens causing the foreign cells to

A

clump together

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25
By causing the foreign cells to clump together the antibodies render the foreign cells
harmless
26
Once rendered harmless by the antibodies, the foreign cells are
destroyed by the macrophages
27
In the presence of an antigen B-lymphocytes
multiply
28
What lymphocyte multiplies in the presence of an antigen ?
B-lymphocyte
29
When b-lymphocytes multiply in the presence of an antigen this is called a
cellular response
30
Some b-lymphocytes become
memory cells
31
Some b-lymphocytes become memory cells so that they are ready to respond to the
same antigen in the future
32
Most b-lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to that antigen and this is known as the
humoral response
33
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to
a specific antigen
34
A humoral response is when
B-lymphocytes produce an antibody specific to an specific antigen
35
T-lymphocytes are also known as
Killer T Cells
36
T-lymphocytes role is to
attack and kill infected cells
37
T-lymphocytes kill body cells that signal they have been invaded this is called a
cell mediated response
38
T-lymphocytes kill infected cells by
injecting a chemical which perforates the cell membrane destroying the cell.
39
Macrophages engulf cells marked by antibodies in a process known as
phagocytosis
40
Cells marked by antibodies are engulfed in phagocytosis by
macrophages
41
A vacuole enclosing the invading cells merges with
lysosomes
42
lysosomes contain
protein digestive enzymes
43
The term innate immunity describes
the natural barriers we are born with
44
Innate immunity prevents
disease organisms entering the body
45
An example of innate immunity we are born with is
our skin
46
The immune system responds to a second infection ______ than the first
faster
47
The body responds quicker to a second infection because it has
natural immunity
48
Active immunity is stimulated artificially by a
vaccination
49
A vaccine has a disease or virus that has been
killed, weakened or attenuated
50
A vaccine is active immunity because a _________ is triggered in response to it
full immune response
51
An example of artificial active immunity is
a vaccine
52
In response to a vaccine the body produces
its own memory cells
53
A short term natural passive immunity is
mothers passing antibodies through the placenta or in breast milk
54
An artificial passive immunity is when a person is
injected with antibodies made by another animal
55
Autoimmunity is when lymphocytes attack the bodies
own cells
56
An example of an autoimmune disease is
rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis.
57
An allergy is a hypersensitive immune system response of
memory lymphocytes to the antigens in harmless substances.
58
Phagocytosis has 3 steps to it, step 1:
A phagocyte's cytoplasm contains a rich supply of organelles called lysosomes which contain digestive enxymes.
59
Phagocytosis Step 2:
Some of the lysosomes fuse with the vacuole and release their enzymes into it.
60
Phagocytosis Step 3:
The bacterium becomes digested and the breakdown products are absorbed
61
An example of natural active immunity is
infection by pathogen leading to a full immune response
62
An obligate parasite is a
virus
63
Viruses are not
cells
64
Viruses contain:
one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
65
If a virus contains RNA then it is an
retrovirus
66
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 1 -
A virus attaches itself to a host cell and thrusts tail through cell wall
67
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 2 -
The virus injects its DNA into a host cell
68
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 3 -
Viral DNA replicates using bacterial nucleotides
69
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 4 -
Viral DNA is transcribed into viral mRNA which directs formation of protein coats using bacterial amino acids
70
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 5 -
Each viral DNA becomes enclosed in a protein coat
71
Invasion of a cell by a virus: Stage 6 -
Host cell bursts releasing many copies of virus

Old Higher Human Biology (7 decks)

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