Unit 1 I

Question 1

Portion of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax

Answer 1

Axial skeleton

Question 2

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Answer 2

Appendicular skeleton

Question 3

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Answer 3

Frontal plane

Question 4

Horizontal plane that runs from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Answer 4

Transverse plane (cross-section)

Question 5

A vertical plane that divides the body or a body part into right and left portions

Answer 5

Sagittal plane

Question 6

Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Answer 6

median plane (all others are parasagittal)

Question 7

Cuts made along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and vertical are called

Answer 7

oblique sections

Question 8

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Answer 8

superior

Question 9

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Answer 9

inferior

Question 10

Toward or at the middle of the body; on the inner side of

Answer 10

medial

Question 11

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Answer 11

lateral

Question 12

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 12

proximal

Question 13

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 13

distal

Question 14

on the same side

Answer 14

ipsilateral

Question 15

on opposite side

Answer 15

contralateral

Question 16

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Answer 16

anterior

Question 17

toward the back of the body; behind

Answer 17

posterior

Question 18

toward or at the body surface

Answer 18

superficial

Question 19

away from the body surface; more internal

Answer 19

deep

Question 20

a joint in which bones are united only by a ligament

Answer 20

syndesmosis

Question 21

two types of cartilaginous joints are

Answer 21

synchondroses and symphyses

Question 22

a joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bones

Answer 22

synchondrosis

Question 23

a joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones

Answer 23

symphysis

Question 24

freely movable joint with a cavity and a capsule

Answer 24

synovial joint

Question 25

spongy cartilage in synovial joints

Answer 25

articular cartilage

Question 26

the capsule of a synovial joint; consists of an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue and an inner synovial membrane

Answer 26

articular capsule

Question 27

fluid secreted by the synovial membranes of the freely movable joints of the body; lubricates the joints surfaces and nourishes that articular cartilages.

Answer 27

synovial fluid

Question 28

a disc of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints; occurs in joints whose articulating bone ends have somewhat different shapes

Answer 28

articular disc; meniscus

Question 29

a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and tendons where it acts to decrease friction during movement

Answer 29

bursa

Question 30

essentially and elongated bursa; it occurs only on tendons that are subjected to friction

Answer 30

tendon sheath

Question 31

sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Answer 31

gliding

Question 32

decreasing the angle between two bones

Answer 32

flexion

Question 33

increasing the angle between two bones

Answer 33

extension

Question 34

moving a limb away from the body midline

Answer 34

abduction

Question 35

moving a limb toward the body midline

Answer 35

adduction

Question 36

moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

Answer 36

circumduction

Question 37

turning a bone around the longitudinal axis

Answer 37

rotation

Question 38

rotating toward the medial plane

Answer 38

medial rotation

Question 39

rotating away from the medial plane

Answer 39

lateral rotation

Question 40

occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces on anteriorly (on its back)

Answer 40

supination

Question 41

occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces face down

Answer 41

pronation

Question 42

roll ankle inward

Answer 42

inversion

Question 43

roll ankle outward

Answer 43

eversion

Question 44

point foot down

Answer 44

plantar flexion

Question 45

point foot up

Answer 45

dorsiflexion

Question 46

adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis

Answer 46

nonaxial

Question 47

movement occurs around a single axis

Answer 47

uniaxial

Question 48

movement can occur around two sacs; thus, the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes

Answer 48

biaxial

Question 49

movement can occur around all three axes and along all three body planes: frontal, sagittal, and transverse

Answer 49

multiaxial

Question 50

synovial joints are classified as .... (6)

Answer 50

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

Question 51

stability of synovial joints depends on three factors

Answer 51

shapes of articular surfaces, number and position of ligaments, muscle tone

Question 52

a ligament can stretch only about ___ % beyond its normal length before it snaps

Answer 52

6%

Question 53

an outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

Answer 53

epimysium

Question 54

surrounding each fascicle is a layer of fibrous connective tissue called

Answer 54

perimysium

Question 55

muscle fibers are separated into small groups called

Answer 55

fascicle

Question 56

within a fascicle, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly reticular fibers

Answer 56

endomysium

Question 57

the connective tissue structure that joins skeletal muscle to bones

Answer 57

tendon

Question 58

the attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone is called

Answer 58

origin

Question 59

the attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone called

Answer 59

insertion

Question 60

fibrous sheet connecting a muscle to the body part it moves

Answer 60

aponeurosis

Question 61

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates are called a

Answer 61

motor unit

Question 62

the average number of muscle fibers in a motor unit

Answer 62

150

Question 63

the addition of motor units to accomplish a movement is called

Answer 63

recruitment

Question 64

skeletal muscle fibers can shorten by up to ____ of their resting length as they contract

Answer 64

1/3rd

Question 65

when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage

Answer 65

law of levers

Question 66

arrangement of the elements is load-fulcrum-effort

Answer 66

first-class lever

Question 67

arrangement of the elements is fulcrum-load-effort

Answer 67

second-class lever

Question 68

arrangement of the elements is load-effort-fulcrum

Answer 68

third-class lever

Question 69

all muscles develop from the _____ layer

Answer 69

mesoderm germ

Question 70

in a development based scheme, muscles are organized into four groups

Answer 70

muscles of the visceral organs, pharyngeal arch muscles, axial muscles, and limb muscles

Question 71

a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the

Answer 71

prime mover (agonist)

Question 72

muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement are

Answer 72

antagonists

Question 73

help the prime movers either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undesirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce

Answer 73

synergists

Question 74

muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base

Answer 74

fixator