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human anatomy I > Unit 1 I > Flashcards

Unit 1 I Flashcards

1
Q

Portion of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax

A

Axial skeleton

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2
Q

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal plane

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4
Q

Horizontal plane that runs from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse plane (cross-section)

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5
Q

A vertical plane that divides the body or a body part into right and left portions

A

Sagittal plane

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6
Q

Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

A

median plane (all others are parasagittal)

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7
Q

Cuts made along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and vertical are called

A

oblique sections

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8
Q

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

A

superior

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9
Q

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

A

inferior

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10
Q

Toward or at the middle of the body; on the inner side of

A

medial

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11
Q

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

A

lateral

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12
Q

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

proximal

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13
Q

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

distal

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14
Q

on the same side

A

ipsilateral

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15
Q

on opposite side

A

contralateral

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16
Q

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

A

anterior

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17
Q

toward the back of the body; behind

A

posterior

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18
Q

toward or at the body surface

A

superficial

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19
Q

away from the body surface; more internal

A

deep

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20
Q

a joint in which bones are united only by a ligament

A

syndesmosis

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21
Q

two types of cartilaginous joints are

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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22
Q

a joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bones

A

synchondrosis

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23
Q

a joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones

A

symphysis

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24
Q

freely movable joint with a cavity and a capsule

A

synovial joint

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25
Q

spongy cartilage in synovial joints

A

articular cartilage

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26
Q

the capsule of a synovial joint; consists of an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue and an inner synovial membrane

A

articular capsule

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27
Q

fluid secreted by the synovial membranes of the freely movable joints of the body; lubricates the joints surfaces and nourishes that articular cartilages.

A

synovial fluid

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28
Q

a disc of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints; occurs in joints whose articulating bone ends have somewhat different shapes

A

articular disc; meniscus

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29
Q

a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and tendons where it acts to decrease friction during movement

A

bursa

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30
Q

essentially and elongated bursa; it occurs only on tendons that are subjected to friction

A

tendon sheath

31
Q

sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

A

gliding

32
Q

decreasing the angle between two bones

A

flexion

33
Q

increasing the angle between two bones

A

extension

34
Q

moving a limb away from the body midline

A

abduction

35
Q

moving a limb toward the body midline

A

adduction

36
Q

moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

A

circumduction

37
Q

turning a bone around the longitudinal axis

A

rotation

38
Q

rotating toward the medial plane

A

medial rotation

39
Q

rotating away from the medial plane

A

lateral rotation

40
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces on anteriorly (on its back)

A

supination

41
Q

occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces face down

A

pronation

42
Q

roll ankle inward

A

inversion

43
Q

roll ankle outward

A

eversion

44
Q

point foot down

A

plantar flexion

45
Q

point foot up

A

dorsiflexion

46
Q

adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis

A

nonaxial

47
Q

movement occurs around a single axis

A

uniaxial

48
Q

movement can occur around two sacs; thus, the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes

A

biaxial

49
Q

movement can occur around all three axes and along all three body planes: frontal, sagittal, and transverse

A

multiaxial

50
Q

synovial joints are classified as …. (6)

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket

51
Q

stability of synovial joints depends on three factors

A

shapes of articular surfaces, number and position of ligaments, muscle tone

52
Q

a ligament can stretch only about ___ % beyond its normal length before it snaps

A

6%

53
Q

an outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

54
Q

surrounding each fascicle is a layer of fibrous connective tissue called

A

perimysium

55
Q

muscle fibers are separated into small groups called

A

fascicle

56
Q

within a fascicle, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of loose connective tissue consisting mostly reticular fibers

A

endomysium

57
Q

the connective tissue structure that joins skeletal muscle to bones

A

tendon

58
Q

the attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone is called

A

origin

59
Q

the attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone called

A

insertion

60
Q

fibrous sheet connecting a muscle to the body part it moves

A

aponeurosis

61
Q

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates are called a

A

motor unit

62
Q

the average number of muscle fibers in a motor unit

A

150

63
Q

the addition of motor units to accomplish a movement is called

A

recruitment

64
Q

skeletal muscle fibers can shorten by up to ____ of their resting length as they contract

A

1/3rd

65
Q

when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical advantage; when the effort arm is shorter than the load arm, the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage

A

law of levers

66
Q

arrangement of the elements is load-fulcrum-effort

A

first-class lever

67
Q

arrangement of the elements is fulcrum-load-effort

A

second-class lever

68
Q

arrangement of the elements is load-effort-fulcrum

A

third-class lever

69
Q

all muscles develop from the _____ layer

A

mesoderm germ

70
Q

in a development based scheme, muscles are organized into four groups

A

muscles of the visceral organs, pharyngeal arch muscles, axial muscles, and limb muscles

71
Q

a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is the

A

prime mover (agonist)

72
Q

muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement are

A

antagonists

73
Q

help the prime movers either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undesirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce

A

synergists

74
Q

muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base

A

fixator

human anatomy I (4 decks)

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