Unit 1 - History of Medicine

Question 1

A group of diagnostic and therapeutic disciplines that are used together with conventional medicine.

Answer 1

Complementary.

Question 2

This term is for medical products and practices that are not part of standard care.

Answer 2

Alternative. This term has been replaced by Integrative.

Question 3

Healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. It emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between practitioner and patient, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapies.

Answer 3

Integrative.

Question 4

A form of healing that considers the whole person – body, mind, spirit, and emotions – in the quest for optimal health and wellness.

Answer 4

Holistic.

Question 5

A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery.

Answer 5

Conventional.

Question 6

Medicine as practiced by holders of M.D. or D.O. degrees and by their allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses.

Answer 6

Mainstream.

Question 7

Refers to the knowledge, skills and practises based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in the maintenance of health and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.

Answer 7

Traditional medicine.

Question 8

This a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice

Answer 8

Biomedical. Biomedicine graduates will contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of disease, by working in academic research, or the pharmaceutical industry.

Question 9

Relating to or being a system of medicine that aims to combat disease by using remedies (such as drugs or surgery) which produce effects that are different from or incompatible with those of the disease being treated.

Answer 9

Allopathic medicine.

Question 10

What word from before would you choose if you used a therapy before conventional medicine?
What word would you choose when used in conjunction with conventional treatment to supplement or augment the therapeutic outcome?

Answer 10

Alternative. Complementary.

Question 11

What does NCCIH stand for?

Answer 11

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.

Question 12

What is the Federal Government’s lead agency for scientific research on complementary and integrative health approaches?

Answer 12

The NCCIH.

Question 13

What is NCCIH a part of?

Answer 13

1 of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Question 14

What domain honors the intrinsic connections between thoughts and physiological functioning?

Answer 14

Mind-body therapy domain.

Question 15

What are examples of the Mind-body domain?

Answer 15

Mind-body therapies (MBTs) include meditation, guided imagery, relaxation, hypnosis, biofeedback, prayer, expressive therapies (dance, art and music) and breathwork. As the evidence for efficacy and effectiveness grows, many MBTs previously classified as CAM are now viewed as mainstream/conventional treatments. Examples include cognitive behavioral therapy and patient support groups.

Question 16

What domain therapies are the use of “substances found in nature”.

Answer 16

Biologically-based domain

Question 17

What are examples of biologically-based domain therapies?

Answer 17

This CAM domain includes, but is not limited to botanicals, animal-derived extracts, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, prebiotics and probiotics, whole diets and functional foods.

Question 18

What domain deals with therapy that involves movement of one or more parts of the body and focuses on structures and systems of the body, including the bones and joints, the soft tissues, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems?

Answer 18

Manipulative and body-based domain therapies.

Question 19

What are examples of therapy in the manipulative and body-based domain?

Answer 19

Therapies include osteopathic manipulation, chiropractic, massage and reflexology.

Question 20

What domain has two subcategories involving the use or manipulation of energy fields to promote health and healing?

Answer 20

Energy domain.

Question 21

What are the two distinct classifications of the Energy domain?

Answer 21

Biofield therapies and Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies.

Question 22

What classification of the Energy domain deals with interventions that affect energy fields that surround and penetrate the human body by applying direct or indirect pressure on these fields and what are some examples?

Answer 22

Biofield therapies such as qi gong, Reiki, Healing Touch® and Therapeutic Touch.

Question 23

What classification of the Energy domain deals with interventions that employ an unconventional use of electromagnetic fields for the purpose of healing and what are some examples?

Answer 23

Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies such as the use of pulsed, magnetic and alternating-current or direct-current fields.

Question 24

What does this definition describe? Complete systems of theory and practice that have evolved independently from or parallel to allopathic (conventional) medicine.

Answer 24

Whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine (WSCAM)

Question 25

What is the earliest scientific tradition in medical practice?

Answer 25

Herbal medicine. Early physicians stumbled upon herbal substances of real power, without understanding the manner of their working.

Question 26

What year was the oldest written evidence of medicinal plants’ usage for preparation of drugs has been found on a Sumerian clay slab from Nagpur?

Answer 26

3000 B.C. (The earliest evidence of traditional medicine)

Question 27

What are some examples of traditional herbal therapies that are now used in orthodox medicine?

Answer 27

Snakeroot plant was traditionally used in the east to calm patients; it is now used in orthodox medicine to reduce blood pressure e.g. Reserpine.

Doctors in ancient India gave Foxglove to patients with legs swollen by dropsy (edema) which is now a drug called Digitalis. It is now used for congestive heart failure (CHF) and heart rhythm problems.

Curare, a resin that was smeared on the tip of arrows in the Amazonian jungle to paralyze prey, is now used in conventional practices as a muscle relaxant during surgery.

Question 28

What is the earliest evidence of surgery?

Answer 28

The first evidence of a surgical procedure is that of trephining, or cutting a small hole in the head. This procedure was practiced as early as 3000 BC and continued through the Middle Ages and even into the Renaissance. This decision for trephination was likely to have been religious rather than medical in any modern sense.

Question 29

600 BC, who is the founding father of Indian medicine and seen as the first plastic surgeon for his explanation of how to rebuild a patient’s nose?

Answer 29

Susruta. Amputation of the nose was used a punishment for adultery. Rhinotomy is the term and nuns used to self-mutilate to avoid rape.

Question 30

After Indian medicine enshrined the theory that the human body consists of three substances that require balance, what relative theory did Greek medicine incorporate?

Answer 30

The four humours - Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. The greek text, “On the Nature of Man.”

Question 31

What Greek text has remained the broad basis of medical principle till this day which was the Father of Medicine.

Answer 31

The Hippocratic Oath.

Question 32

400 B.C., following the text of the Hippocratic Collection, what was published to state that human beings are composed of four substances or “humours”?

Answer 32

On the Nature of Man by Polybus.

Question 33

Two surgeons in 300 B.C., Herophilus and Erasistratus, make the first scientific studies designed to discover the workings of human anatomy. How was this information obtained?

Answer 33

Human vivisection, the patients normally being convicted criminals. This method used by few others as an execution method.

Question 34

The Chinese test, the Nei Ching or ‘Book of Medicine’ written in 1 BC, describes the practice of what therapy?

Answer 34

Acupuncture, which was already established as a tradition.

Question 35

When was Allopathic medicine coined?

Answer 35

1810, by the inventor of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnmann. It was used as a derogatory term for heroic medicine. the traditional European medicine of the time and a precursor to modern medicine that did not rely on evidence of effectiveness.

Question 36

Where was the first medical school developed in the 10th century?

Answer 36

Salerno, Italy,

Question 37

When did the first surgeon/dentist and what did he write?

Answer 37

(1000) Abdul Kasim, an Arab doctor, is a court physician in Cordoba, Spain; he writes Al-Tasrif, the first illustrated manual of surgrey. Widely used in the Middle Ages (5th to the 15th Century). He also was the first surgeon to take informed decision to dental matters.