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SFI 100 > UNIT 1 - Geology > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - Geology Flashcards

Memorization

1
Q

Geo means?

A

Earth

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2
Q

Logos

A

Discourse or study

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3
Q

Theory of Uniformitarianism

A

The present is the key to the past

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4
Q

Formulated by James Hutton

A

Theory of Uniformitarianism

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5
Q

Main Branches of Geology

A

Physical, Historical

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6
Q

Deals with materials that make up the Earth, its structure, surface features, and processes that have given the Earth its present structure and appearance

A

Physical Geology

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7
Q

Deals with history of the earth, its changing face and structure, and changing forms of living things whose remains are found as fossils in rocks

A

Historical geology

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8
Q

study of the formation and extraction of earth materials that have some economic potential in society

A

Economic geology

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9
Q

Earth is?

A

3rd planet in solar system, only planet that can support life, length of year is 365.2422 years, oblate spheroid or geoid and about 4.5-4.6 billion years old

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10
Q

Greatest ocean depth over 11,000

A

marianas trench

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11
Q

greatest height of land (8,848 m)

A

mt everest

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12
Q

tallest mountain if measured from the base

A

mauna kea

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13
Q

how do we determine the age of materials on the planet?

A

relative dating and absolute dating

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14
Q

based on the natural radioactive decay of elements found on earth, a process whereby atoms of an element lose particles from their nuclei and become atoms of other elements

A

radiometric dating

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15
Q

number of years it takes for half of the original atoms of a material to decay

A

half life

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16
Q

what are the principles of relative dating?

A

Law of superposition
Original horizontality
Crosscutting relationships
Inclusion
Faunal sucession

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17
Q

in a series of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the topmost layer is always the youngest and the lowermost layer is always the oldest

A

law of superposition

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18
Q

sediments are deposited in approximately horizontal, flat lying layer. therefore, a dipping or folded rock must have been displaced or deformed after deposition and solidification

A

principle of horizontality

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19
Q

if an igneous rock cut across layers of sedimentary rock, the secondary rock must have been there first, the igneous rock introduced after

A

principle of cross cutting relationships

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20
Q

when a fault cuts through another rock, the faults or intrursion is younger that the rocks with it cuts

A

principle of crosscutting relationships

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21
Q

if an igneous rock contains pieces of other rock types, those pieces must have been picked up as solid chunks by the invading magma and are older than the igneous rock

A

principle of inclusion

22
Q

implies that when one finds exactly the same type of fossil preserved in two rocks, there are of the same age even if the rock are different

A

law of faunal sucession

23
Q

what are the theories on earth or solar system formation

A

close encounter hypothesis
cataclysmic event theory
random capture theory
solar nebular theory

24
Q

also known as collision theory that is proposed by george lucas leclerc buffon

A

close encounter hypothesis

25
Q

also known as collision theory

A

close encounter hypothesis

26
Q

the gravity of the passing star tears a succession of bolts from the solar surface

A

close encounter hypothesis

27
Q

the sun was once component of a binary star (double star) system
A visiting star or some other phenomenon led to the break-up of the suns companion
debris formed from the planets

A

Cataclysmic event theory

28
Q

hannes alfven and gustaf arrhenius
suggested a normal sun which instead of breaking up, captured inerterstellar materials from which the planets and other objects in the solar system were formed

A

random capture theory

29
Q

postulated that the sun and planets originated from interstellar dusts and gas called “nebulae” condensation of the gas as it rotates led to the formation of the planets and their stabilization

A

solar nebular theory

30
Q

major division of the earth

A

lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere

31
Q

solid zone of the earth, made up rocks and soil, includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, thinnest part is found underneath the ocean (~50 km) thicker in continents (100+km)

A

lithosphere

32
Q

cover 70% of the earths surface, 97% is comprised of seas and oceans, only 1% are freshwater (rivers and lakes) 2% snow and glaciers

A

hydrosphere

33
Q

layer of air covering the earths surface

A

atmosphere

34
Q

8 to 14.5 km, air temperature decreases as height increases

A

troposphere

35
Q

14.5 to 50 km temperature is fairly constant

A

stratosphere

36
Q

85 to600 km, temperature increases with height

A

thermosphere

36
Q

50 to 85 km temperature decreases with height

A

mesosphere

37
Q

600 to 10,000 km temperature is high, region where earths atmosphere merges with interplanetary gases

A

Exosphere

38
Q

Atmospheric zone base on electrical properties

A

magnetosphere

39
Q

this zone, the behavior or ions anatomic particles is contolled almost enirely by the earths magnetic field

A

magnetosphere

40
Q

thin outermost layer of the earth

A

crust

41
Q

20 to 2,900 km thick, quite hot, temperature range from 879 c

A

mantle

42
Q

400 km deep with traces of diamond and olivine, partially molten or soft resulting to the slower travel of seismic waves

A

upper mantle

43
Q

400 to 2900 km thick dense highly elastic allowing faster movement of seismic waves

A

lower mantles

44
Q

central portion of the earth (radius of -3,500 km)

A

core

45
Q

transition zone between crust and mantle

A

moho layer

46
Q

Type of seismic waves

A

P waves, S waves, L waves

47
Q

Shake or secondary
Moves particles in its path at right angles to the direction of advance, can only travel through solid

A

S waves

48
Q

push-pull or primary
Moves particles along its path back and forth
Travel at a soeed of 6.11 km the fastest, can travel to any material

A

P waves

49
Q

surface (rayleigh waves or love waves)
Moves particles in its path in a motion forward,. up and back down
travel at a speed of 3.5 km sec
can travel along the surface of any material

A

L waves

50
Q

vibration of earth produce by the rapid release of energy from rocks
takes the form of waves, radiates in all direction
can be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions

A

earthquake

SFI 100 (3 decks)

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