lecture 6

Question 1

2 concept of soil?

Answer 1

Pedological concept and Edaphological concept

Question 2

A natural body differentiated into horizon of mineral and organic constituent, consolidated of variable depth. Differs from the parent material below in morphology, physical properties and constitution

Answer 2

Pedological concept

Question 3

A natural body, synthesized in profile form from a variable mixture of broken and weathered minerals and decaying organic matters, which covers the earth in a thin layer and which supplies when containing the proper amounts of air and water, mechanical support and in part sustenance for plants

Answer 3

Edaphological concept

Question 4

Functions of soils

Answer 4

media for plant growth
modify the atmosphere through emission and absorption of gases
Habitat for animals that live in the soil
process recycled nutrients

Question 5

Mineral horizon, finer textured, usually clayey with blocky structure
zone of maximum illuviation (movement of materials - Clay and AI oxides into the horizon

Answer 5

B horizon

Question 6

Reffered to as the parent material, blocky to primatic structure, hard and sometime brittle but can still be dug by digging tools

Answer 6

C HORIZON

Question 7

d

Answer 7

dense unconsolidated materials/physical root rstric

Question 7

co

Answer 7

coprogenous earth

Question 7

i

Answer 7

Organic matter, slightly decomposed

Question 7

j

Answer 7

Jarosite

Question 7

jj

Answer 7

Cryoturbation

Question 8

k

Answer 8

accumulation of carbonates

Question 9

kk

Answer 9

engulfment of horizon by secondary carbonates

Question 10

m

Answer 10

cementation or induration

Question 11

ma

Answer 11

marl

Question 12

n

Answer 12

accumulation of sodium

Question 13

o

Answer 13

accumulation of Fe and AI oxides

Question 14

P

Answer 14

plowing

Question 15

q

Answer 15

accumulation of silica

Question 16

r

Answer 16

weathered os soft bedrock

Question 17

solum

Answer 17

horizon a and b

Question 18

regolith

Answer 18

horizon a, e, b and c

Question 19

0 to 20 cm depth (plow layer)

Answer 19

top soil

Question 20

soil beneath the topsoil (below20 cm depth)

Answer 20

subsoil

Question 21

how soil formed

Answer 21

addition, transformation, transfer, losses

Question 22

factors of soil formation

Answer 22

Climate, Organisms, Relief, Parent material and Time

Question 23

Temperature and rainfall are the most critical both affect the rate of soil processes weathering and decomposition, also impacts the type of vegetation in area

Answer 23

climate

Question 24

includes plants and animals from micro to macro: Grassland vs. forest vegetation, alter physical properties of soil like pore spaces

Answer 24

organism

Question 25

Includes elevation, slope, aspect or exposure, affects stability of land surface for other soil-forming factors and processes to initiate and continue soil formationm

Answer 25

relief

Question 26

has a great influence on the resulting property of the soil

Answer 26

Parent material

Question 26

Types of parent material

Answer 26

A. Sedentary
Rocks - Igneous/ Sedimentary/ Metamorphic
B. Transported
Gravity - Colluvium
Water - Alluvium (river),
Ice - Glacial
Wind

Question 27

determines the duration the parent material was subjected to the other soil-forming factors, the longer the time, under stable conditions, the more developed and old the soil,

Answer 27

time