Unit 1: Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
Hippocrates
thought the mind or soul resided in the brain but was not composed of physical substance (mind-body dualism)
Plato (circa 350 BC)
Greek philosopher—believed in “nature” due to self-examination of inner ideas and experiences
Aristotle
Plato’s student—believed in “nurture,” that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes (monism), and that reality is best studied by observation
Descartes
defended mind-body dualism (Cogito ergo sum—“I think, therefore I am”) NATURE
John Locke
believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge, “a blank slate” (tabula rasa)
nature-nurture controversy
which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.
Gustav Fechner
invented the idea of the “just noticeable difference” (the smallest change in a stimulus that can be noticed by a human observer)
charles darwin
british guy—theory of natural selection
Wilhelm wundt
developed the theory of structuralism and created one of the first psychological laboratories
Titchener
contributor to structuralism, Cornell University, investigated elements of consciousness
G. Stanley Hall
first president of the APA, psychologist who brought introspection to Johns Hopkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to get a PhD in psych
William James
founder of functionalism—opened one of the first psychological labs
Ivan Pavlov
pioneer of classical conditioning and learning experiemnts
Herman Ebbinghaus
studied when and how people could remember lists of nonsense syllables
Sigmund Freud
founded psychodynamics
John B. Watson
pioneer of behaviorism
Frederic Bartlett
studied cognitive and social process of remembering stuff
Jean Piaget
studied cognitive development in children
r.f. skinner
pioneer of behaviorism
foundation of psychology
In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation
introspection
introspectively analyze your sensory experiences (inward-looking)—identify sensations, feelings, and images as the basic elements of consciousness
Functionalists
William James, James Cattell, and John Dewey—believed humans actively processed sensations and actions and wanted to apply psychological findings to practical situations
behaviorism
measuring and recording observable behavior in relation to the environment—dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s
antecedent (in the study of behaviorism)
environmental conditions that precede a behavior
behavior (in the study of behaviorism)
the action to understand, predict, and/or control
consequences (in the study of behaviorism)
what follows the behavior (its effect on the environment)
psychodynamic/psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Heinz Kohut—aimed to reveal unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses and studied how early life experiences influence desires, thoughts, and memories
Humanism
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers—believed that free will and personal growth shape behavior and thought and that people are naturally positive and growth-seeking. solved problems through interviewing people about their unique perspective on the issue
evolutionary psych
explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected because they increase reproductive success. comes from darwin’s theory of evolution
cognitive psych
receiving, storing, and processing information, thinking and reasoning, and language to understand human behavior. e.g. Jean Piaget
sociocultural
examines cultural differences to understand, predict, and control behavior
biopsychosocial model
integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes
clinical psychologists
evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in places like hospitals, community health centers, and private practice
counseling psychologists
help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.
developmental psychology
study psychological (intellectual, moral, and social) development throughout the life span in places like schools, senior centers, social work centers, etc.
educational psychologists
focus on how effective teaching and learning take place in places like universities and labs
forensic psychologists
apply psych principles to legal issues. are concerned with the numerous facets of the law, such as determining a defendant’s competence to stand trial, or whether a victim has suffered psychological or neurological trauma
health/positive psychologists
concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness and create programs to fix it in places like hospitals, rehab centers, public health agencies, and private practice