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AP Psychology > Unit 1: Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

thought the mind or soul resided in the brain but was not composed of physical substance (mind-body dualism)

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2
Q

Plato (circa 350 BC)

A

Greek philosopher—believed in “nature” due to self-examination of inner ideas and experiences

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Plato’s student—believed in “nurture,” that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes (monism), and that reality is best studied by observation

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4
Q

Descartes

A

defended mind-body dualism (Cogito ergo sum—“I think, therefore I am”) NATURE

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5
Q

John Locke

A

believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge, “a blank slate” (tabula rasa)

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6
Q

nature-nurture controversy

A

which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.

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7
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

invented the idea of the “just noticeable difference” (the smallest change in a stimulus that can be noticed by a human observer)

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8
Q

charles darwin

A

british guy—theory of natural selection

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9
Q

Wilhelm wundt

A

developed the theory of structuralism and created one of the first psychological laboratories

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10
Q

Titchener

A

contributor to structuralism, Cornell University, investigated elements of consciousness

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11
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of the APA, psychologist who brought introspection to Johns Hopkins

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12
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first woman to get a PhD in psych

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13
Q

William James

A

founder of functionalism—opened one of the first psychological labs

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14
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

pioneer of classical conditioning and learning experiemnts

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15
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

studied when and how people could remember lists of nonsense syllables

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16
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founded psychodynamics

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17
Q

John B. Watson

A

pioneer of behaviorism

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18
Q

Frederic Bartlett

A

studied cognitive and social process of remembering stuff

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19
Q

Jean Piaget

A

studied cognitive development in children

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20
Q

r.f. skinner

A

pioneer of behaviorism

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21
Q

foundation of psychology

A

In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation

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22
Q

introspection

A

introspectively analyze your sensory experiences (inward-looking)—identify sensations, feelings, and images as the basic elements of consciousness

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23
Q

Functionalists

A

William James, James Cattell, and John Dewey—believed humans actively processed sensations and actions and wanted to apply psychological findings to practical situations

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24
Q

behaviorism

A

measuring and recording observable behavior in relation to the environment—dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s

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25
Q

antecedent (in the study of behaviorism)

A

environmental conditions that precede a behavior

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26
Q

behavior (in the study of behaviorism)

A

the action to understand, predict, and/or control

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27
Q

consequences (in the study of behaviorism)

A

what follows the behavior (its effect on the environment)

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28
Q

psychodynamic/psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Heinz Kohut—aimed to reveal unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses and studied how early life experiences influence desires, thoughts, and memories

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29
Q

Humanism

A

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers—believed that free will and personal growth shape behavior and thought and that people are naturally positive and growth-seeking. solved problems through interviewing people about their unique perspective on the issue

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30
Q

evolutionary psych

A

explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected because they increase reproductive success. comes from darwin’s theory of evolution

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31
Q

cognitive psych

A

receiving, storing, and processing information, thinking and reasoning, and language to understand human behavior. e.g. Jean Piaget

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32
Q

sociocultural

A

examines cultural differences to understand, predict, and control behavior

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33
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes

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34
Q

clinical psychologists

A

evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in places like hospitals, community health centers, and private practice

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35
Q

counseling psychologists

A

help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

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36
Q

developmental psychology

A

study psychological (intellectual, moral, and social) development throughout the life span in places like schools, senior centers, social work centers, etc.

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37
Q

educational psychologists

A

focus on how effective teaching and learning take place in places like universities and labs

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38
Q

forensic psychologists

A

apply psych principles to legal issues. are concerned with the numerous facets of the law, such as determining a defendant’s competence to stand trial, or whether a victim has suffered psychological or neurological trauma

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39
Q

health/positive psychologists

A

concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness and create programs to fix it in places like hospitals, rehab centers, public health agencies, and private practice

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40
Q

organizational psychologists

A

apply psychological principles and methods to the workplace to emphasize employee health and well being

41
Q

industrial psychologists

A

apply psychological principles and methods to the workplace to emphasize performance appraisals, job design, and selection and training.

42
Q

neuropsychologists

A

explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior.

43
Q

psychometricians

A

focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data e.g. through intelligence and personality tests, experiments, etc.

44
Q

social psychologists

A

focus on how a person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people

45
Q

variable

A

factors with multiple values

46
Q

independent variable

A

what the researcher manipulates

47
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor that may change as a result of manipulating the independent variable.

48
Q

how to prove cause and effect

A

controlled experiment

49
Q

population

A

all the individuals in the group to which the study applies

50
Q

sample

A

a subgroup of the population.

51
Q

random selection

A

when a sample is chosen randomly, i.e. through picking out of a hat, random number generator, choosing every fifth name in an alphabetized list, etc.

52
Q

experimental group

A

receives the treatment

53
Q

control group

A

does not receive the treatment.

54
Q

between-subjects design

A

The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals.

55
Q

confounding variables

A

Differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable.

56
Q

“operational definition”

A

describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable

57
Q

inferential statistics

A

are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

58
Q

statistical significance

A

is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

59
Q

meta analysis

A

provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

60
Q

experimenter bias (experimenter expectancy effect)

A

a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.

61
Q

demand characteristics

A

The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond.

62
Q

single blind procedure

A

a research design in which the participants don’t know which treatment group—experimental or control—they are in.

63
Q

double blind procedure

A

a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

64
Q

placebo

A

The imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment

65
Q

placebo effect

A

is now used to describe any cases when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.

66
Q

within subjects design

A

A research design that uses each participant as his or her own control.

67
Q

counterbalancing

A

a procedure that assigns half the subjects to one of the treatments first and the other half of the subjects to the other treatment first.

68
Q

quasi experimental research

A

Quasi-experimental research designs are similar to controlled experiments, but participants are not randomly assigned

69
Q

correlational research

A

Correlational methods look at the relationship between two variables without establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

70
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Naturalistic observation is carried out in the field where naturally occurring behavior can be observed.

71
Q

survey

A

researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

72
Q

retrospective (ex post facto) study

A

look at an effect and seek the cause.

73
Q

tests

A

Tests are procedures used to measure attributes of individuals at a particular time and place.

74
Q

reliability

A

consistency or repeatability

75
Q

validity

A

the extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

76
Q

case study

A

an in-depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

77
Q

elementary statistics

A

a field that involves the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations.

78
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample (e.g. mean, median, mode)

79
Q

frequency distribution

A

an orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores.

80
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph from the frequency distribution

81
Q

frequency polygon

A

a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line

82
Q

measures of central tendency

A

describe the average or most typical scores for a set of research data or distribution.

83
Q

mode

A

most frequently occurring score in a set of research data

84
Q

bimodal distribution

A

research data that has two modes (I.e. two numbers appear most frequently)

85
Q

multimodal distribution

A

research data that has more than two modes

86
Q

median

A

the middle score when the set of data is ordered by size

87
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average of the set of scores.

88
Q

normal distribution (normal curve)

A

a symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents data about how many human characteristics are dispersed in the population

89
Q

skewed distribution

A

Distributions where most of the scores are squeezed into one end

90
Q

variability

A

the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

91
Q

range

A

the largest score minus the smallest score.

92
Q

variance and standard deviation

A

indicate the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean value for the set.

93
Q

standard score (z-score)

A

enables psychologists to compare scores that are initially on different scales.

94
Q

percentile score

A

indicates the percentage of scores at or below a particular score.

95
Q

correlation coefficient

A

A statistical measure of the degree of relatedness or association between two sets of data, X and Y

96
Q

who created ethical guidelines and code of conduct for psychologists?

A

american psychological association

97
Q

what are the ethical guidelines

A

discuss intellectual property frankly, be conscious of multiple roles, participation must be voluntary, AND informed consent

98
Q

informed consent principles

A

participants must know about: purpose, expected duration, and procedures of the research;
their right to leave or refuse anything at any time; consequences of doing so;
factors that might influence their willingness to participate (e.g. risks, discomfort, side effects); research benefits; confidentiality agreements; incentives for participation, if any

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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