UNIT 1- Extemporaneous Compounding Flashcards
small-scale manufacture of medicines from basic ingredients
- following GPP
Compounding
Equipments involved in measuring of compounded materials
- Weighing balances
- Measuring liquids
- Measuring small volumes
- Tared containers
Common weighing balance
Class B
Commonly used in measuring small volumes
-graduated pipettes (5ml to 0.1mL) for less than 0.1 mL, titration should be used
Equipments involved in Mixing and Grinding
- Mortar and pestle (glass or porcelain)
- Filters (muslin or sintered glass filters)
- Bunsen burners
- Water baths
An organization process in which equipment and utensils must be scrupulously clean in order to prevent
contamination.
Cleanliness
An organization process in which A clean white overall should be worn. Hair should be tied
Appearance
An organization process in which it is an essential part in dispensing. It
provides ingredients used, procedures, and calculations. Disorganized approach may lead
to errors.
Documenting procedures and results
Technique in mixing liquids
- stirring or shaking
- directly proportional to its viscosity
Technique in mixing solids with liquids
- solubility of solid should be considered
- particle size reduction is important
Technique in mixing solids with solids
- “doubling-up”
- small quantity of powder has to be mixed with a large quantity to achieve effective mixing
Technique in mixing semi-solids
-two or more ointment bases may be mixed together
functions as a means for fluid replacement, electrolyte balance restoration and
supplementary nutrition, and as vehicles for administration of other drug substances and in TPN.
IV Fluids
mL of Large volume parenterals
100-1000 mL
mL of Small volume parenterals
25-50 mL
- when one or more sterile products are added to an IV fluid for administration
- it is prepared with aseptic technique or environment provided by laminar flowhood, in which the
air is filtered through HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter
• HEPA filters remove 99.97% of all particles larger
IV Admixture
method of feeding the patient by infusing a mixture of all necessary nutrients into the circulatory
system, bypassing the GIT
Total Parenteral Nutrition
for patients who are:
• unable to ingest food due to carcinoma or extensive burns,
• patients who refuse to eat, as in the case of depressed geriatrics or young patients
suffering from anorexia nervosa, and
• surgical patients who should not be fed orally
parenteral nutrition (PN)
Dudrick developed the technique for administering fluids for PN by way of ___________
subclavian vein into
the superior vena cava
Normal Caloric Requirement
2500 cal/day for adults
Nutritional Requirements for Protein as a source of amino acid
4 kcal/g
Nutritional Requirements for energy as glucose
4 kcal/g
Nutritional Requirements for energy as lipid
9 kcal/g
Nutritional Requirements for energy as lipid emulsion in TPN
10 kcal/g
Nutritional Requirements for proper enzymatic and energy conserving or expending reactions
within the body (e.g. sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, phosphate)
Water and Electrolytes
Nutritional Requirements for zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum
Trace elements
Nutritional Requirements for long-term therapy
Vitamins
Container
- silicone-based bags
- superseded by PVC and ethyl vinyl acetate
Storage
-stored at 2-6˚C not allowed to be stored at room temperature for periods in excess of 12-24 hours required for administration
Packaging
polystyrene containers
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
Use ____ instead of calcium chloride
calcium gluconate
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
____ should be added near the beginning.
phosphate
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
____ near the end of compounding
calcium
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
do not add ____ to solution due to its degradation of calcium
ascorbic acid
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
the sum of calcium and magnesium should be ___
< 20 mEq/L
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
add ___ with caution secondary to higher cation valence and increased destabilizing
potential
iron
Considerations to prevent precipitation:
keep solution away from ___ temperatures
high
USUAL EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING IN COMMUNITY AND HOSPITAL PHARMACY:
- Reconstitution
- Paper tabs
- Parenteral antineoplastic agents
Safe-handling Guidelines for parenteral antineoplastic agents:
Laminar flowhood should be ___
vertical
Safe-handling Guidelines for parenteral antineoplastic agents:
All syringes and IV tubing should be in
Luer Lock Fitting
Safe-handling Guidelines for parenteral antineoplastic agents:
PPE should look __ (3)
- closed-front
- cuffed gowns resistant to liquid permeation
- latex/nitrile gloves
Safe-handling Guidelines for parenteral antineoplastic agents:
final dosage adjustment should be put in ___(3)
- Vial
- ampule
- directly into an absorbent gauze pad
Disposed items in the black bin
Hazardous
Disposed items in the yellow bin
Trace chemo
Where to drain dispose?
sink
Gloves used in handling antineoplastic drugs
latex or nitrile gloves
