unit 1 exam revision Flashcards
Nature
development directly caused by one’s genetic composition, also known as hereditary factors.
Nurture
humans are shaped by their environment, experiences, geography, and social circle.
biopsychosocial model
understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Biological factors
internal genetic and/
or physiologically based factors. These factors can be innate, such as genetic predispositions passed down from one’s parents, or can come about later in life, such as through taking certain medications.
Biological - examples
- Genetic predispositions
- Medications/substances
- Nutrition
- Sleep
- Diseases and immune system functioning
- Hormones
Psychological factors
internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. In essence, psychological factors are everything that an individual experiences within their mind.
Psychological - examples
- Attitudes/ beliefs
- Emotions (affect)
- Personality
- Coping skills
- Sense of self
- Self-esteem
- Thoughts
- Memories and learning
social factors
Social factors are external factors relating to an individual’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement. This can include close personal relationships
as well as an individual’s experience within a greater society.
social - examples
- Interpersonal relationships
- Attachment style
- Cultural norms
- Socioeconomic status
- Education
- Physical environment
- Family environment
- Level of social support
emotional development
refers to the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.
Theory of mind
- recognising the emotions of others
- assigning words to certain emotions, such as ‘happy’ or ‘sad’
- participating in imaginary play
- understanding that the expression of certain emotions may lead to consequences.
attachment styles
- secure attachment
- insecure attachment
secure attachment
Secure attachment involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver/s, allowing the infant to feel calmed by the presence of the caregiver when they feel distressed.
secure attachment outcomes
- a sense of trust in others
- feeling valued by others
- feeling secure in expressing one’s emotions
- development of skills which can assist
the individual in dealing with challenging social circumstances, such as a breakup.
insecure attachment
Insecure attachment may involve the primary caregiver/s inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs or consistently ignoring their needs, commonly leading to infants not seeking comfort from the caregiver
or being overly desperate for comfort from their caregiver when they experience distress.
insecure attachment outcomes
- either craving or rejecting affection
- increased feelings of anxiety
- inappropriate expression of, or the inability to, express emotions.
cognitive deveopment
refers to the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information from the internal and external environment.
social development
is the continuous, lifelong development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships, and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society.
Eriksons theory?
we go through eight developmental stages as we grow up, from being a baby to an old person. In each stage, we have a challenge to overcome.
trust vs mistrust
Infants’ needs are reliably met
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Encouraged to make choices independently
initiative vs guilt
Independent plans encouraged
industry vs inferiority
Proud of performances
identity vs role confusion
Strong belief of self
intimacy vs isolation
Can form strong relationships
Generativity vs stagnation
Contributed to others’ wellbeings
integrity vs despair
Satisfied reflection of life
types of developmental periods
critical periods
sensitive periods
sensitive periods
Particular skills and functions with sensitive periods will be easiest to learn during this developmental period, however, have the ability to be developed at a later time.
critical periods
Skills or functions within a set critical period must be learnt during this predetermined period.
psychological criteria
social norms
statistical rarity
personal distress
maladaptive behaviours
cultural perpectives
cultural perspectives
he influence of society and community on one’s thoughts
social norms
society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individuals should act
Statistical rarity
something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant
Personal distress
an aversive and often self-oriented emotional reaction
Maladaptive behaviour
an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life
neurodiversity disorders
ASD
ADHD
Dyslexia
Austism
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviours.
ADHD
a neurological condition characterised by persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning
dyslexia
a neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading, spelling, writing words, and sometimes in arithmetic
phrenology
the study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning
regions of the brain
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
neuron
a nerve cell that receives and transmits neural information
parts of the neuron
Dendrites
Myelin
Axon terminals
dendrites
Receive neuronal messages
myelin
Insulates the neuron and prevents disturbance from other neurons
axon terminals
Sends neuronal messages to the next neuron
neuroplasticity
the ability of the brain
to change in response
to experience or environmental stimulation
developmental plasticity
changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation
Synaptogenesis
the formation of synapses between neurons as
axon terminals and dendrites grow
Synaptic pruning
the elimination of underused synapses
Myelination
the formation and development of myelin around the axon of a neuron
Adaptive plasticity
the brain’s ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury
Sprouting
a neuron’s ability to develop new branches on the dendrites or axons
Rerouting
a neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron
ways to maintain brain function
Mental stimulation
Diet
Physical activity
Social support
CTE
a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions
symptoms of CTE
- impairments in executive functions, such as reasoning and decision-making * memory loss
- depression
- difficulties with attention and concentration
- disturbances in behaviour
- anxiety and paranoia
- mood impairments, such as increased aggression and emotional outbursts.
