Unit 1 exam Flashcards
Darwin
Co-devleoped the theory of evolution by natural selection; galapagos
wallace
co developed theory of evolution by natural selection; Malay Peninsula
Lamark
proposed the first hypothesis of evolution which stated acquired characteristics would be passed onto offspring
Linnaeus
father of taxonomy, developed rules for classification
Kimura
neutral theory of molecular evolution to explain that the vast majority of evolution at the genetic level occurs by random chance (mutations)
Fisher Haldane Wright
proposed the use of population genetics to study microevolution
Dobzhansky, Mayr, Huxley, Stebbins, Simpson
a collection of scientists who brought together multiple fields of biology under the umbrella of modern synthesis
synonymous mutation
(silent) a mutation that does not alter the amino acid
non-synonymous mutation
a mutation that alters the amino acid
allele
a variant of a gene
heterozygosity
a measure of genetic variability
genotype
the genetic composition of an organism that when expressed, produces an observable or fuctional trait
adaptation
a characteristic which enhances the survival or reproduction of an organism relative to alternative characteristics
natural selection
a consistent difference in fitness among different classes of biological entities
fitness
measure of reproductive success in an individual
phenotype
an observable or functional train in an organism
single nucleotide polymorphism
a mutation at a single base pair which is unique to an individual
relative fitness
(surviorship x expected # of offspring)/fitness reference
recombination
mixing of different loci from different parental chromosomes during meiosis
Linkage Disequilibrium
observation of alleles at separate loci being found together in a population more often than expected by random chance
q2
homozygous recessive genotype
2pq
f of heterozygous genotype
p2
f of homozygous dominant genotype
p
frequency of dominant allele
q
frequency of recessive allele
Evolution
inherited change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations
early greek philosophy
unchanging and infinite earth
Christianity and special creation
unchanging and old earth
ideals during the scientific revolution
changing and old earth
evolution of modern synthesis
darwin +genetics math theory of population genetics
microevolution
mutation, gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift
Macroevolution
Major changes above species level
Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Kimura; most evolution of dna occurs by genetic drift
anagenesis
change in lineage
cladogenesis
branching of a lineage into 2+ descendant lineages
extinction
death/loss of lineage
phylogenetic tree
hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
homology
same character from common ancestor
character
trait examined
character state
form of trait
ingroup
taxa being studied
outgroup
distantly related group
parsimony
simplest path is most likely
hybridization
branches combine lineages
Orthologs
homologous genes present in multiple taxa (line them up)
paralogs
genes that result in duplication, not homologous
monophyletic
contain a single common anscestor
polyphyletic
some but not all have a CA (reptilia and birds are polyphyletic, but sauropsids are monophyletic)
polyphyletic
do not share decendants
molecular clock
mutations occur at predictable rates;
t=distance in BP/ (2 x rate of change)
plesiomorphic
shared ancestral character
Apomorphic
unique to group, but not ancestral
homoplacy
similar character in 2+ species, not due to common ancestors
convergence
similar feature develops independently (wings on birds and bats)
parallelism
similar feature independently closely related taxa (marsupial and placental mammals)
reversal
apomorphic back to plesiomorphic
dollos law
when a complex trait is lost, it will not be reevolved
adaptive radiation
burst of diversion evolution in a lineage in a relatively short period of time which results from adapting to various environmental pressures
(ex: galapagos finches)
adaptation
a character that enhances survival or reproduction
average fitness equation
total # of offspring x rate of surviorship
selfish genes
transmit at higher rates even if not advantageous
altruistic behaviors
selfless behaviors of goodness of group survival (kinship)
group selection
differential
pre-adaptation
organism possesses a structure which gets used for a novel purpose
exadaptation
structure becomes its new structure
How do we determine adaptation
1.) Complexity
2.) Design
3.) Experiment
4.) Comparative Methods
character displacement
selection will cause divergence within a population due to species interaction
sympatry
species in one area
genes
segments of DNA found on chromosomes that encode a structure/function
equation for finding allele frequency
p= 2(# of A1,A1) + (# of A1, A2)/ 2n
segregation
transmission of one of two copies of a locus when a gamete is made during meiosis
what kind of relationship exists between recombination and linkage disequilibrium
inverse
Pleiotrophy
single mutation affects multiple traits
positive
neutral/silent
negative/deleterious
Non-genetic inheritance
epigenetics
maternal effects
cultural inheritance (learned behaviors)
absolute fitness euqation
probability of survivorship x expected # of offspring = W
