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Quantitative Analysis > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Mantissa
What is its rule?

A

Number of digits after the decimal in a logarithm result.
the number after the log will have the same number of sig figs as numbers after the decimal in the answer.

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2
Q

X bar is…

A

Mean average

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3
Q

N

A

Sample size

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4
Q

Degrees of freedom

General Rule

A

N-1

You lose one degree of freedom whenever you take the average because you lose the ability to change one of the numbers

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5
Q

Accuracy

A

How close you can get to the accepted value

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6
Q

Precision

A

Reproducibility of the data

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7
Q

How does precision affect a histogram?

A

More precision the more narrow the histogram gets

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8
Q

Absolute Error

A

E
Margin of error within a particular measurement
xi-xt

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9
Q

Relative Error

A

Er
Percent of total error
xi-xt/xt *100

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10
Q

What are the Types of Error? Describe each.

A

Systematic- determinate, flaw, reproducible, can be eliminated
Random- indeterminate, always present, never can be eliminated, equal chance of being positive and negative
Gross- large, personal error, outliers

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11
Q

Precision is due to….error
Accuracy is due to….. error

A

Random
Systemic

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12
Q

What is the most common type of error and was causes it?

A

Systemic
Equipment and instrumentation, methods, personal

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13
Q

Standard deviation

A

s
Used to measure how closely the data are to the mean value, the smaller the SD the closer to the mean

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14
Q

Gaussian distribution results from…..errors and therefore represents the ….

A

Random
Precision

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15
Q

Population
Symbol for mean average
Symbol for standard deviation

A

All measurements that are possible, infinite
µ
σ

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16
Q

Sample
Symbol for mean average
Symbol for standard deviation

A

A subset of the population
x bar
s

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17
Q

How many data points are needed to assume that the sample and population are the same?

A

30

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18
Q

What does a negatively skewed graph tell you about the mean and median?

A

Mean< Median

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19
Q

What does a positively skewed graph tell you about the mean and median?

A

Mean>Median

20
Q

What percent of data lies between +/- 1 standard deviations of the mean?

A

68%

21
Q

What percent of data lies between +/- 2 standard deviations of the mean?

A

95%

22
Q

What percent of data lies between +/- 3 standard deviations of the mean?

A

99%

23
Q

Standard Error

A

sm
Used to convey a sense of precision. something is more likely to be more precise than something else

24
Q

What are the 3 ways to convey error?

A

Standard deviation
Standard Error
95% confidence interval

25
Q

What is the variance calculation?

A

Standard deviation squared

26
Q

Relative standard error

A

RSD
Provides a simple perspective on the magnitude of the data sets deviation

27
Q

Coefficient of variation

A

CV
Relative standard deviation as a percent

28
Q

Confidence interval

A

the range of values within which the population mean is expected to lie with a certain probability

29
Q

Central limit theorem

A

large data sets will tend toward a normal distribution, use principle of larger sets to justify smaller ones

30
Q

T-test
equation

A

allows for the calculation of confidence intervals
Based on the degrees of freedom
µ= x bar (+/-) (ts/(square root (N))

31
Q

What does the 95% confidence interval mean?

A

95 out of a 100 means with individually computed confidence intervals will overlap with the true mean

32
Q

What do you compare your mean average to, in order to learn about its accuracy?

A

An acceptable mean from a population (known value)
A particular cutoff value (high or low)
A separate experimental mean

33
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

H0
There is no difference between the quantities

34
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

Ha
The opposite of the null hypothesis

35
Q

What is first determined in hypothesis testing? What does that value provide?

A

Confidence level (1-a)
Significance level (a)

36
Q

Type 1 error

A

When the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true.
False negative

37
Q

Type 2 error

A

When the null hypothesis is accepted even though it is false
False positive

38
Q

F-test

A

F= (s1^2/s2^2)
Compares two means of two data sets, comparing variances

39
Q

ANOVA

A

Compares between to within, internal variances are incorporated

40
Q

What is the difference between ANOVA and a t-test

A

ANOVA includes internal variances where as t-tests assume equal or unequal variances

41
Q

Q-test

A

Exposes outliers

42
Q

Interquartile Range

A

Q3-Q1

43
Q

What are the 3 calibration methods?

A

External standards-

44
Q

ppm

A

1 µg/ 1 mL
(mass of substance/mass of sample)*10^6

45
Q

ppb

A

1 ng/ 1 mL
(mass of substance/mass of sample) *10^9

Quantitative Analysis (2 decks)

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