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Bio 104 (Goodloe) > Unit 1: Evolution (ch.16,17,18) > Flashcards

Unit 1: Evolution (ch.16,17,18) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities is known as what?

A

Biogeography

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2
Q

The scientific study of similarities and differences in body plans of organisms.

A

Comparative Morphology

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3
Q

who was the scientist that developed the Theory of Catastrophism?

A

Georges Cuvier

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4
Q

Who was the scientist that stated environmental pressure caused changes in the needs of organisms living in that environment which in turn changed their behavior?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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5
Q

What scientist proposed that gradual everyday geological processes (such as erosion) shaped the Earth’s surface?

A

Charles Lyell

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6
Q

What is Uniformitarianism?

A

the idea that gradual repetitive changes over time shaped the Earth

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7
Q

what is fitness?

A

Degree of adaptation to an environment

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8
Q

what are different forms of a gene?

A

alleles

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9
Q

What requires the measuring of radioisotope and daughter element content?

A

Radiometric dating

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10
Q

Who is the scientist that co-discovered the process of evolution with Charles Darwin?

A

Alfred Wallace

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11
Q

where do you find the oldest fossils in sedimentary rock?

A

the deepest layers in the formation are the oldest

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12
Q

What is a population?

A

All the organisms of the same species or group that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves

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13
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

all alleles of all genes in a population; a pool of genetic resources

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14
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Allele frequency that changes over time

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15
Q

What is genetic equilibrium?

A

It is the theoretical state in which an allele’s frequency never changes and maintains a stable state so long as the 5 conditions are met.

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16
Q

What is the primary formula for Hardy-Weinberg formula?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1.0

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17
Q

What is Directional Selection?

A

a form of a trait at one end of a range of variation is adaptive.

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18
Q

What is Stabilizing selection?

A

an intermediate form of a trait is adaptive, and extreme forms are selected against.

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19
Q

What is Disruptive Selection?

A

forms of a trait at both ends of a range of variation are favored, and intermediate forms are selected against.

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20
Q

What are the three modes (types) of natural selection?

A

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive

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21
Q

What are the three types of Speciation?

A

Allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric

22
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

A physical barrier interrupts gene flow between populations

23
Q

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A

Genetic changes lead to reproductive isolation within a single population.

24
Q

What is Parapatric Speciation?

A

Where populations in contact across a shared border become different species.

25
Q

what are the names of the main two super continents?

A

Pangea and Gondwana

26
Q

the Theory that Earth’s outermost layer of rock is cracked into plates, the slow movement of which conveys continents to new locations over geologic time.

A

Plate Tectonics theory

27
Q

how many major extinction events have there been?

A

5

28
Q

What are mass extinctions represented by?

A

Periods

29
Q

Characteristic time it takes for half of a quantity of a radioisotope to decay.

A

Half-life

30
Q

A mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction

A

Neutral Mutation

31
Q

A mutation that alters the phenotype so drastically that it causes death.

A

Lethal Mutation

32
Q

abundance of a particular allele among all copies of the gene in a population’s gene pool

A

allele frequency

33
Q

What is balanced polymorphism?

A

Maintenance of two or more alleles of a gene at high frequency in a population.

34
Q

Individuals of one sex (often males) are more colourful, larger, or more aggressive than individuals of the other sex.

A

sexual dimorphism

35
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in allele frequency due to chance alone

36
Q

what is genetic flow?

A

the movement of alleles in to and out of a population.

37
Q

reduction in population size that is so severe that it reduces genetic diversity.

A

Bottleneck

38
Q

What does it mean when an allele becomes fixed?

A

an allele that all members of the population are homozygous for.

39
Q

what is the founder effect?

A

After a small group of individuals found a new population, allele frequencies in the new population differ from those in the original.

40
Q

The emergence of a new species (as a result of one lineage splitting into two)

A

speciation

41
Q

The end of gene flow between populations

A

reproductive isolation

42
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

evolutionary change in taxa above the species level.

43
Q

The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species

A

Phylogeny

44
Q

A quantifiable, heritable trait

A

character

45
Q

what is a clade?

A

A group whose members share a defining derived character

46
Q

what is a derived character?

A

a trait shared by all members of a clade but not in any of the clade’s ancestors

47
Q

a group including an ancestor in which a derived character evolved, together with all of it’s decedents.

A

monophyletic group

48
Q

what is cladistics?

A

making hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among clades.

49
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

similar body structures that evolved separately in different lineages (via convergent evolution)

50
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Morphological convergence. Macroevolutionary pattern in which similar body parts evolve separately in different lineages.

51
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

Morphological divergence. Evolutionary pattern in which a body part of an ancestor changes in its descendants.

52
Q

What is a molecular clock?

A

a method of comparing the number of neutral mutations in the genomes of two lineages to estimated how long ago they diverged.

Bio 104 (Goodloe) (3 decks)

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