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Medcon Rehab III > Unit 1: Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Unit 1: Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

These 2 organs will act upon eachother and are responsible for for important hormones that control various physio. processes….

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
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2
Q

Small gland below the thalamus that coordinates BOTH the ANS AND activity of the Pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Hypothalamus coordinates 2 things:

A
  1. ANS
  2. Activity of the Pituitary
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4
Q

Small, pea-shaped structure loc’d w/in the sella turcica @ the base of the brain

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

Hormones and terms:

Hormone-releasing

vs.

Hormone-inhibiting

A

Hormone-releasing==> INCs that hormone

Hormone-inhibiting ==> DECs that hormone

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6
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone==>

GHRH

A

INCs GH release

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7
Q

Growth-hormone inhibitory hormone

GHIH

A

DECs GH release

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8
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GnRH

INCs what

A

INCs LH and FSH

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9
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRH

INCs what

A

INCs TSH

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10
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CRH

INCs what

A

INCs ACTH release

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11
Q

Prolactin-inhibitory factor

PIF

DECs what

A

Pr release

(Prolactin)

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12
Q

Hypothalamic hormones and their effects :

A

see pic

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13
Q

Anterior Lobe, Pituitary

Hormones

Target Tissue

Made by

A

see pic

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14
Q

Ant. Pit. Hormone

Growth Hormone

Target—>

Made by—>

A

Target== bone/muscle

Made by== Somatotrophs

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15
Q

Ant. Pit. Hormone

Leutinizing Hormone LH

Target tissue==

Made by==

A

Target== Gonads

Made by== gonadotrophs

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16
Q

Ant. Pit Hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

Target==

Made by==

A

Target== gonads

Made by== gonadotrophs

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17
Q

Ant. Pit. Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH

Target==

Made by==

A

Target== thyroid

made by== thyrotrophs

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18
Q

Ant. Pit. Hormone

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone ACTH

target==

made by==

A

Target == adrenals

Made by== corticotrophs

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19
Q

Ant. Pit. Hormone

Prolactin PRL

Target==

Made by==

A

target== breast tissue

Made by== Lactotrophs

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20
Q

Ant. Pit. hormone release is DRIVEN BY:

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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21
Q

Growth Hormone Actions

2:

A
  1. INC linear growth and mm mass
  2. DEC body fat
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22
Q

Growth Hormone

Medically-approved uses

CHILDREN

A
  • GH deficiency
  • chronic kidney dis.
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Prader-Willi syndrome
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23
Q

Growth Hormone

Med-approved uses

ADULTS

A
  • GH deficiency
  • mm wasting from HIV
  • short bowel syndrome
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24
Q

GH has potential for abuse T/F?

A

TRUE!!!!!!

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25
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

6:

Get Lost For They Are Passed

A
  1. G: Growth Hormone
  2. L: Leutinizing hormone
  3. F: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  4. T: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  5. A: AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone
  6. P: Prolactin
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26
Q

Posterior Lobe Pituitary Hormones

2:

A
  1. Antidiuretic ADH
  2. Oxytocin “Bonding Hormone”
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27
Q

Post. Pit. Hormone

Antidiuretic

think alcohol

ACTION

A
  • Action==>
    • INCs reabsorption of water from kidney
    • Fun Fact: alcohol INHIBITS ADH ==> BLOCKS water reabsorption
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28
Q

Post. Pit. Hormone

Oxytocin

Bonding hormone

“give yourself a hug”

ACTION

A
  • Action:
    • stimulates uterine contractions
    • stimulates ejection of milk from mammary glands
      • ​== “let down” response
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29
Q

Thyroid Gland

LOCATION:

A

Anterior Neck

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30
Q

Thyroid Gland in Ant. Neck

Produces 2 hormones:

A
  1. Thyroxine T3
  2. Triiodothyronine T4
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31
Q

T3 and T4 produced by the Thyroid Gland

acted on by this Ant. Pit. Hormone

A

TSH

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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32
Q

Cellular effects of Thyroid Gland (prod’s T3 and T4)

A

INCs cellular metabolism in body tissues

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33
Q

Body effects of Thyroid Gland (prod’s T3 and T4)

A

regulate body heath (thermogenesis) and metabolism

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34
Q

Possible Dysfunctions of Thyroid Gland

2:

A
  1. HypOthyroidism= underactive thyroid hormones
  2. HypERthyroidism= overactive thyroid hormones
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35
Q

HypERthyroidism

PRIMARY CAUSES:

A
  • Graves Disease
  • Autoimmune Dis.
  • Adenoma/Carcinoma
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36
Q

HypERthyroidism

SECONDARY CAUSES:

A
  • Induced by excessive Hypothalamic OR Pituitary stimulation
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37
Q

HypOthyroidism

PRIMARY CAUSES:

A
  • Genetic deficiency of hormone synthesis
  • Hashimoto’s
  • Thyroiditis (autoimmune)
  • Cretinism in childhood
38
Q

HypOthyroidism

SECONDARY CAUSES

A
  • Hypothalamic OR Pituitary deficiencies
39
Q

SYMPTOMS: Compare and Contrast

HypERthyroidism vs. HypOthyroidism

A

LOTS OF OPPOSITES!!!

40
Q

Compare and Contrast: Hyperthyroidism vs. HypOthyroidism

HYPERTHYROIDISM SYMPTOMS:

A
  • TACHYCARDIA
  • MM wasting
  • Wt. loss
  • Heat intolerance
  • Insomnia
  • Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) GRAVES
  • Nervousness
  • INCd appetite
  • Diarrhea
  • Oligomenorrhea
  • Goiter
41
Q

Compare and Contrast: Hyperthyroidism vs. HypOthyroidism

HYPOTHYROIDISM SYMPTOMS:

A
  • BRADYCARDIO (think hypO, slOw HR)
  • Weakness
  • Wt. GAIN (adults)
  • COLD intolerance
  • Sleepiness
  • Facial edema
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • Constipation
  • Menorrhagia (heavy, painful)
  • Dry, coarse skin
42
Q

Medical Mgmt Thyroid disorders

Hyperthyroidism: 2 forms of medical mgmt

A
  1. Radioactive Iodine
  2. Beta Blockers
43
Q

Medical mgmt thyroid disorders

Hyperthyroidism: Radioactive Iodine….WHY?

A
  • Ablate thyroid tissue
    • reduces SIZE of thyroid== LESS T3 T4
44
Q

Medical mgmt of thyroid disorders

Hyperthyroidism: Beta Blockers….WHY?

A
  • Tx of cardiovascular effects (TACHYCARDIA) of hypERthyroidism
45
Q

Medical mgmt of thyroid disorders

HYPOTHYROIDISM: what is the purpose of this medical mgmt?

A

Pharmacologic replacement of missing thyroid hormones

*since hypO means not producing enough

  • Levothyroxine: ex. Synthroid == T4 synthetic
46
Q

PT considerations in Thyroid Disease:

THESE conditions may be MORE common

and Examples:

A

MSK conditions

  • Adhesive capsulitis== MOST COMMON
  • Trigger finger
  • Dupytren’s contracture
  • CTS
47
Q

PT considerations for Thyroid Disease

Another possible condition for the LONG TERM:

A

Peripheral Neuropathy

  • MM wasting, balance problems
48
Q

PT Considerations for Thyroid Disease

How might you screen these patients given the more common conditions they experience?

A
  • Hand & wrist screening
  • Frozen shoulder screening
  • UQS ****
49
Q

How can you remember Adrenal Glands?

A

Party Hat on the Kidneys!!!

50
Q

What is the Location of the Adrenal Glands?

A

Superior Pole of the Kidney

51
Q

The Cortex of the Adrenal Glands produces what?

A

*REMEMBER “CORT” and CORTICOIDS

  • GlucoCORTicoids
  • MineraloCORTicoids
  • Sex steroids
52
Q

The Medulla of the Adrenal Glands produces what?

*think FIGHT or FLIGHT

A

THIS IS YOUR FIGHT OR FLIGHT responses!!!

  • Epi
  • NorEpi
53
Q

Cellular Effects of Adrenal Glands

A

A LOT!!!

54
Q

Possible Dysfunctions of the Adrenal Glands

A
  1. Adrenal Insufficiency
  2. Adrenal Crisis
55
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cortex vs. Medulla

A

see pics

56
Q

Adrenal Corti

Acted on by what hormone?

Think Adrenal

A

ACTH

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone

57
Q

Adrenal Corti secretes Glucocorticoids

This produces what?

A
  • Cortisol
    • “Cortisol from Cortex”
58
Q

Adrenal Corti secretes Mineralocorticoids

This produces what ?

A

Aldosterone

59
Q

3rd Hormone the Adrenal Corti produce?

A

Sm. amts of Sex Steroids

60
Q

Phys. of Glucocorticoids

aka Steroids

ACTIONS:

A
  • Regulate glucose metabolism
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Immunosuppressive props
  • Enhance ability to handle Stress
  • RENAL ACTIONS
    • ​Abnormal lvls (>)—> mood & behavior changes
    • ​INC sodium & water reabsorption
  • Impair ability of the kidneys to excrete a water load
61
Q

Phys. of Glucocorticoids

THERAPEUTIC USES:

A
  • CONTROL inflammation
  • Suppress immune response
    • ​Cortisol: lvls rise slowly t/o morning hours and PEAK ~8AM
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Released in response to stressful stimuli
    • ​trauma, infection, hemorrhage, temp extremes, food and water deprivation, perceived pyschological stress, pandemics, PT school
62
Q

Adverse Effects: Glucocorticoids

Long Term Use=====

A

Adrenocortical Suppression***

63
Q

Adverse effects: Glucocorticoids

Long term use leads to Adrenocortical Suppression

RESULTS OF THIS:

A
  • HypOglycemia
  • Dehydration
  • Wt. loss
  • Disorientation
  • weak/fatigue
  • dizziness
  • OH
  • MM aches
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  • tanning of the skin that may be patchy (skin creases, mouth) OR entire body
64
Q

Adverse Effects: Glucocorticoids

Long term use may ALSO lead to:

A

Drug-induced Cushing’s Syndrome

65
Q

Adverse Effects: Glucocorticoids

Drug-induced Cushing’s Syndrome

As a result of this:

A
  • Moon face
  • Fat deposition, obesity in trunk
  • MM wasting in the extremities
  • Hirsutism (hair growth)
  • HTN
  • GLU intolerance
  • Osteoporosis
  • Breakdown of supporting tissues—ESP muscle
  • Bone loss–aseptic necrosis
66
Q

Adrenal Cortex–Mineralocorticoids

MAIN MINERALOCORTICOID:

A

ALDOSTERONE

67
Q

Adrenal cortex: Mineralocorticoids

ALDOSTERONE

ACTIONS:

A
  • Controls electrolyte & fluid lvls
    • ​INCs reabsorption of sodium from renal tubules
    • “Where salt GOES, water FOLLOWS”
    • INHIBITS potassium reabsorption
68
Q

Three Stimuli for Release of ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)

A
  1. INCd Angiotensin II
  2. INCd Plasma Potassium
  3. DECd Plasma Sodium
69
Q

Stimulus for Release of Aldosterone

*INCd Angiotensin II

FUNCTION of this:

A

Vasoconstriction; Maintains BP

70
Q

Stimulus for Release of Aldosterone

*INCd Plasma Potassium

FUNCTION of this:

A

INHIBITS K+ reabsorption

71
Q

Stimulus for Release of Aldosterone

*DECd Plasma Sodium

FUNCTION of this:

A

ENHANCES Na+ reabsorption

72
Q

What should you remember about Adrenal Meduli and the hormones it produces??

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE HORMONES!!!

73
Q

Adrenal Meduli secretes 2 hormones:

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT!!!!

  1. Epi
  2. NorEpi
74
Q

Adrenal Meduli and release of Epi and NorEpi

helps prepare body for what ?

A

Sudden physical activity

FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

75
Q

The release of Epi and NorEpi from Adrenal Meduli is controlled by:

A

Sympathetic Division of ANS

76
Q

Adrenal Medulla: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE

Human Body and Organ Responses:

A

see pics

77
Q

Considerations for PTs in Adrenal Disease

Pts on chronic adrenal steroid tx will present w/ 2 things:

A
  1. MM wasting bc glucocorticoids are catabolic
  2. Bone loss bc glucocorticoids impair bone metabolism
78
Q

Considerations for PTs in Adrenal Disease

PT goals:

A
  • INC mm strength
  • REDUCE DEconditioning, promote mobility
  • REDUCE bone loss w/ WB exercises
79
Q

Considerations for PTs in Adrenal Disease

PT Considerations & Precautions:

A
  • Careful not to place too much load on mm’s/joints
  • Deconditioning
  • MONITOR BP bc mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids can INC BP ****
  • Beware of infection signs bc glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive
80
Q

Parathyroid Glands

LOCATION?

A

Embedded in Thyroid

81
Q

Parathyroid Glands produce 2 hormones:

A
  1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  2. Calcitonin
82
Q

I say Parathyroid…….YOU SAY………

A

CALCITONIN AND Ca+ CONCENTRATION!!!!!

83
Q

Cellular/Body Effect of Parathyroid Glands:

A
  • modify calcium concentration in serum
  • regulated by serum calcium lvl
84
Q

2 Possible Dysfunctions w/ Parathyroid Glands:

A
    1. HypERparathyroidism
      * OVERactive PTH
    1. HypOparathyroidism
      * UNDERactive PTH
85
Q

Parathyroid Glands:

Calcium Regulation

Nrml Concentration=====

A

Nrml conc. Ca+ in blood == 9.4mg/100mL

86
Q

Parathyroid Glands:

Calcium Regulation

nrml==9.4mg/100mL

IF plasma calcium falls BELOW 6.0mg/100mL======

A
  • Pt will develop tetanic mm convulsions
    • ​this stimulates PTH RELEASE
      • ​INCs plasma calcium by causing REABSORPTION of calcium from bone, GI tract
87
Q

Parathyroid Glands

Calcium Regulation

Nrml==9.4mg/100mL

IF lvls are GREATER than 12.0mg/100mL=======

A
  • Pt develops DECd nervous function, sluggishness and lethargy and possible coma
    • ​Stimulates CALCITONIN Release
      • ​hormone that DECs plasma calcium by causing calcium to deposit in bone
88
Q

In a nutshell…..

If plasma calcium lvls fall BELOW 6.0mg/100mL

Stimulates…….

A

Parathyroid hormone release

INCs plasma calcium

89
Q

In a nutshell…..

If plasma calcium lvls are GREATER than 12.0mg/100mL

Stimulates——-

A

Calcitonin Release

DECs plasma calcium

90
Q
A

Medcon Rehab III (6 decks)

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