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National 5: Physics > Unit 1: Electricity and Energy > Flashcards

Unit 1: Electricity and Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrons

A

Orbit nucleus and have a negative charge

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2
Q

Like Charges

A

Repel

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3
Q

Opposite Charges

A

Attract

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4
Q

Electric Charge

A

Given the symbol Q. Measured in Coulombs(C)

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5
Q

Charge of an Electron

A

-1.6 x10-19C

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6
Q

In an electric field electrons

A

Accelerate towards a positive voltage and away from a negative voltage

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7
Q

Electric Field Line

A

Diagram which shows the direction of the force a small positive charge would experience

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8
Q

Field Line Rules

A

Lines are continuous

Lines never touch or cross

Closer the lines are to each other, the stronger the electric field

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9
Q

Current

A

Amount of charge flowing through a conductor each second. GIven symbol I and measured in Amperes(A)

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10
Q

Measuring Current

A

Use an ammeter

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11
Q

Potential Difference (Voltage)

A

The amount of energy transferred per coulomb of charge. Given symbol V and measured in Volts(V)

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12
Q

Direct Current (d.c.)

A

Steady voltage provided causing a steady flow of electrons in one direction. Appears as straight line on oscilloscope

Example: Batteries

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13
Q

Alternating Current (a.c.)

A

Mains or signal generator provides a voltage which changes with a constantly changing direction resulting in electrons moving backwards and forwards

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14
Q

Mains Voltage

A

Average - 230V

Peak - 325 V

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15
Q

Mains Frequency

A

50 Hz

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16
Q

Uniform Field

A

One of Constant Strength

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17
Q

Resistance

A

Property of a conductor to oppose current. Given symbol R and measured in Ohms(Ω​)

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18
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

Current in the resistor is proportional to the voltage across it

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19
Q

Voltage Divider Circuit

A

2 or more resistors are connected in series, sharing the voltage between them

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20
Q

Non-Ohmic Conductors

A

Current through the conductor is NOT proportional to the voltage across it. Example - Light Bulb

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21
Q

Light Bulb Resistance

A

As temperature of light bulb gets bigger its resistance increases

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22
Q

Diode

A

Semi-conductor that only allows current to flow in one direction. Only conducts when more than 0.7 V is applied

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23
Q

Cell

A

Transfers chemical energy to electric energy providing electric energy to make charge move in a circuit

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24
Q

Battery

A

Transfers chemical energy to electric energy providing electric energy to make charge move in a circuit

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25
Q

Resistor

A

Made from various compounds or resistance wire, designed to limit the current in a circuit

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26
Q

Variable Resistor

A

Used to vary the current size in a circuit

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27
Q

Fuse

A

Made with a wire which melts when the current exceeds a limit, designed to break the circuit to protect other components

28
Q

Lamp

A

Transfers electric energy into light (and heat)

29
Q

Motor

A

Transfers electric energy into kinetic energy

30
Q

Voltmeter

A

Measures the voltage across a component

31
Q

Ohmmeter

A

Measures the resistance of a component

32
Q

Series Circuit

A

All the components are in a single loop

IS=I1=I2=…

VS=V1+V2+…

RT=R1+R2+…

33
Q

Parallel Circuit

A

There are junctions and branches. More than one path for current to flow

VP=V1=V2=…

IP=I1+I2+…

1/Rp= 1/R1 + 1/R2+ 1/R3…

34
Q

Solar Cell

A

Transfers light energy to electric energy

35
Q

Microphone

A

Transfers sound energy into electric energy

36
Q

Thermocouple

A

Transfers heat energy to electric energy

37
Q

Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

A

When exposed to light its resistance decreases

38
Q

Thermistor

A

When heated its resistance decreases

39
Q

Relay Switch

A

When current is passed through it , it closes a metal switch completing a second circuit

40
Q

Capacitor

A

Device that stores charge

41
Q

Bipolar Transistor

A

When voltage between base and emitter > 0.7V it conducts along the collector as well / turns on

Electrical Switch

42
Q

MOSFET

A

When voltage between gate and source >2V conducts along drain-source/turns on

Electrical Switch

43
Q

Energy

A

Given symbol E. Measured in Joules(J)

44
Q

Power

A

Energy transferred per second. Given symbol P. Measured in Watts (W)

45
Q

Types of Energy

A

Heat

Light

Sound

Electric

Gravitational Potential

Nuclear

Elastic

Chemical

46
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be converted ir transferred from one form to another

47
Q

Potential/Kinetic Conservation Equation

A

v = √2gh

48
Q

Electromagnetic Induction

A

A changing magnetic field around a coil of wire unduces a potential difference

49
Q

Increasing Induced Potential Difference/Current

A

Increase magnetic field strangth

Increase speed of movement

Increase number of turns on the coil

50
Q

Temperature

A

Measure of the kinetic energy of individual particles in the material. Given symbol T and measured in Degrees Celcius (ºC) or Kelvin

51
Q

Heat Energy

A

Measure of the combined kinetic energy of all the particles in the material

52
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Energy required to change the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1ºC. Given symbol c and measured in Jkg-1ºC-1

53
Q

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion

A

Energy required to change 1kg of solid at its melting point to 1kg of liquid. Given symbol lf and measured in Joules per Kilogram (Jkg-1)

54
Q

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation

A

Energy required to change 1kg of liquid at is boiling point to 1kg of gas. Given symbol lv and measured in Joules per Kilogram (Jkg-1)

55
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit area. Measured in Pascals (Pa) and given symbol P

56
Q

Kinetic Theory

A

Gas made of atoms and molecules

Atoms and molecules move around randomly in all directions

Atoms and molecules collide elastically with each other and walls of container, exerting a small force

As temperature of atoms and molecules increases so does their kinetic energy

57
Q

Air Pressure

A

Sum of forces over area of a container or substance. Atmosphere causes 100kPa

58
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

If the volume of a gas is halved its pressure doubles (assuming constant mass and temperature)

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

59
Q

Converting Celcius to Kelvin

A

Add 273

60
Q

Absolute Zero

A

-273ºC or 0K

61
Q

Pressure Law

A

If temperature (in kelvin) of gas is doubled its pressure doubles (assuming constant mass and volume)

P1/T1 = P2/T2

62
Q

Charles’ Law

A

If temperature (in kelvin) of a gas is doubled its volume doubles (assuming constant mass and pressure)

V1/T1 = V2/T2

63
Q

General Gas Law

A

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

64
Q

Kinetic Theory - P+V

A

As volume increases particles move further apart meaning less frequent collisions with the walls of the container

Total Force Decreases

Area of walls increases

P=F/A so pressure decreases

65
Q

Kinetic Theory - P+T

A

As temperature increases particles’ kinetic energy increases and they speed up. Means more frequent collisions, each with a greater force

Total Force increases

P=F/A so pressure increases

66
Q

Kinetic Theory - V+T

A

As temperature rises the kinetic energy of particles increases. Means more frequent collisions, each with a greater force

Volume must increase to reduce number of collision so pressure is unchanged

National 5: Physics (3 decks)

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