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Biology 11 U > Unit 1 - Diversity of living things > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Diversity of living things Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS THE CORRECT FORMAT FOR BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

A

Genus(capitalized) species(lowercase) (all in italics)

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE ORDER OF TAXA (BROADEST TO MOST SPECIFIC)

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES CONCEPTS

A

Morphological, biological, phylogenetic

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4
Q

DEFINE MORPHOLOGICAL

A

Physical characteristics

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5
Q

DEFINE BIOLOGICAL

A

Ability to interbreed and produce live, fertile offspring

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6
Q

DIFINE PHYLOGENETIC

A

Evolutionary relationships among organisms, now also uses information from DNA analysis to determine levels of similarity

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7
Q

DEFINE PHYLOGENY

A

Evolutionary history of species or group of related species based on development, anatomy, molecular traits, and physiology

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8
Q

DEFINE HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

A

Appear different or are used for different purposes but share a similar structure

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9
Q

DEFINE ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

A

Have similar function but do not have similar structure. Also are not an indication of close evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

DIFINE PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A

Branching diagram used to show evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

DEFINE DICHOTOMOUS KEY

A

Helps to identify specimen one step at a time based on a series of characteristics (at each stage there are 2 choices eventually leading to identification of the specimen)

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12
Q

DEFINE PROKARYOTIC CELLS

A

Smaller simple cells

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13
Q

DEFINE EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A

Larger more complex cells

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14
Q

PROKARYOTIC CELLS VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A

Prokaryotes: cellular dna not bound by membrane, does not divide via mitosis and meiosis, most commonly reproduces asexually, unicellular, membrane organelles absent, commonly anarobic(dont need oxygen for cellular respiration)
Ekaryotes: dna in nucleus bound by membrane, cell division done by mitosis and meiosis, reproduces most commonly sexually, most commonly multicellular, membrane bound organelles, commonly aerobic(need oxygen for cellular respiration)

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15
Q

DEFINE ENDOSYMBIOSIS

A

a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other

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16
Q

VIRUSES

A
  • are neither eurkaryotic nor prokaryotic cells,
  • not classified in any kingdom as they are not considered living organisms,
  • can only function when inside a host cell,
  • once inside a host they are able to reproduce by taking over the cells processes
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17
Q

WHAT ARE VIRUSES

A
  • non cellular particle made up of either dna or rna surrounded by a capsid(protien coat)
  • classified by size/shape of capsid, type of genetic material, or types of disease they cause
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18
Q

WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE LITIC CYCLE

A
  1. attachment/entry: virus attaches to host cell and injects its dna or rna into the host
  2. replication: viral dna forces the host cell to replicate(copy) viral dna/rna and coat protiens
  3. assembly: new viral components are assembled into clones of original virus
  4. release: viruses cause host cell to rupture releasing new viruses to go infect other cells
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19
Q

HOW CAN VIRUSES CONTRIBUTE TO GENETIC ENGINEERING

A
  • viruses can be used to repair defective genes or add new genes to a cell
  • gene is inserted into viral dna then virus infects host cell and inserts ts dna into host cells dna
  • new gene is expressed by the infected cell/organism and is passed on during cell division
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20
Q

DEFINE HERD AMMUNITY

A
  • large percentage of a population is immune to pathogen
  • helps protect those who are unvaccinated
  • must reach high enough threshold to be effective
21
Q

DEFINE THE THREE DIFFERENT BACTERIAL SHAPES

A
  1. bacillus - rod shaped
  2. coccus - spherical
  3. spirilium - corkscrew
22
Q

DEFINE THE THREE BACTERIAL GROUPINGS

A
  1. diplo - in pairs
  2. strepto - in chains
  3. staphylo - in clusters
23
Q

DEFINE THE THREE WAYS BACTERIA GETS NUTRUTION

A
  1. heterotrophs - consume other organisms
  2. autotrophs - carry out photosynthesis responsible for large part of atmospheric o2
  3. methanogenesis - archaea only, decomposition process that produces methane as by-product
24
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF ARCHAEA EXTREMOPHILES

A
  1. thermophiles - extreme heat
  2. acidophiles - very acidic
  3. halophiles - high salt concentration
25
DEFINE GRAM STAINING
technique using cystal violet stain that will stain bacteria purple or pink depending on the composition of the cell wall
26
DEFINE GRAM STAINING
technique using cystal violet stain that will stain bacteria purple or pink depending on the composition of the cell wall
27
DEFINE GRAM POSITIVE
thick peptidoglycan layer = purple, no outer cell membrane, more susceptible to antibiotics
28
DEFINE GRAM NEGATIVE
thin peptidoglycan layer = pink, have outer cell membrane, more resistant to antibiotics
29
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF PROTISTS
1. animal like protists 2. plant like protists 3. fungi like protists
30
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS
aka protozoans - consume other organisms for food - move around using flangella, or pseaudopods - some are parasites and live in hosts, or mostly aquatic environments
31
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS
- absorb nutrients from other living or dead organisms or waste(heterotrophs) - damp and aquatic environments - reproduce asexually (spores)
32
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT LIKE PROTISTS
unicellular algae - diatoms - dinoflagellates - euglena(heterotroph/autotroph) - autotrophs - aquatic environments(salt or fresh) - reproduce asexually, mitosis, or sexually
33
WHAT ADAPTATIONS WOULD BE NEEDED FOR ALGAE TO GROW ON LAND
- protection from drying out - system to transport water/nutrients - rigid support system to remain upright
34
WHEN DID PLANTS TRANSITION FROM WATER TO LAND
460 million years ago
35
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
- reproduce using embryos - vascular tissue - seeds - flowers
36
WHAT DID PLANTS FIRST DEVELOPE TO TRANSPORT WATER AND NUTRIENTS
xylem and phloem tissue, lignin in xylem tissue allows for the growth of trees
37
NON VASCULAR PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
- no vascular tissue(xylem and phloem) - depend on diffusion/osmosis to move water and nutrients - require moist environment - leaves typically only one cell thick - no root system only rhizoid anchors them to the ground
38
NON VASCULAR PLANT REPRODUCTION
- reproduce sexually alternation of generations - have haploid male and female gametophytes that produce egg and sperm - after fertilization sporophyte releases spores formed via meiosis which then germinate and grow on the ground
39
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
- vascular tissue - xylem (water/minerals transport from roots reinforced by lignin - phloem (sugar transport) -
40
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS
- seeds allow for sexual reproduction that doesnt require water droplet transmission - seed also provides protection in harsh environment (can wait to germinate)
41
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS
1. gymnosperms - reproduce using cones 2. angiosperms - reproduce using flowers
42
DEFINE GYMNOSPERMS
- seeds are exposed on surface of cone scales - female and male cones(male producr pollen grains) - sperm must travel from male cone to female cone for fertilization via pollen
43
DEFINE GYMNOSPERMS
- seeds are exposed on surface of cone scales - female and male cones(male producr pollen grains) - sperm must travel from male cone to female cone for fertilization via pollen
44
DEFINE ANGIOSPERMS REPRODUCTION
- reproduce using flowers seeds are enclosed in fruits - includes flowering plants/trees and non coniferous trees - %90 nof plants are angiosperms - evolved after gymnosperms (150 mya)
45
ANGIOSPERMS REPRODUCTION
- some plants produce flowers that are either male or female - most flowers have both male and female reproductive parts - male gametophyte is a pollen grain which musty be transferred to female fertilized egg - flower is reproductive part many are designed to acctract polinators - others use wind to pollinate - fruit is a mature ovary containing fertilized seeds - animals help with seed dispersal when they eat fruit
46
ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
1. monocots 2. dicots
47
DEFINE MONOCOT
- parallel-veined leaves - vascular bundles scattered - flowers x3 - corn, grasses, palm trees
48
DEFINE DICOT
- 2 cotyledons - net-veined leaves - vasc bundles in ring - flowers x4 or x5 - dandilion, rose, beans, lettuces
49
LICHENS
- form when there is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic algae or cyanobacterium - adapted to live in many different ntypes of environments

Biology 11 U (2 decks)

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