Unit 1 Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
What makes a molecule polar?
A molecule is made polar if the overall charge is evenly distributed. (In water the oxygen has a partially negative charge and the hydrogens have a partially positive charge)
What is cohesion?
Cohesion is when many water molecules form hydrogen bonds and are linked together.
What is adhesion?
Adhesion is when two different substances cling to each other.
What is surface tension?
Surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of water.
What is hydrogen bonding?
A weak chemical bond that is formed when a slightly positive hydrogens are attracted towards the slightly negative atom in another molecule.
What are four examples of properties of water?
- Polarity
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
What is waters high specific heat?
Its ability to stabilize temperature stems. Water doesn’t change its temperature much and only does in small amounts.
What is the heat of vaporization?
It is the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for it to be converted from liquid to gaseous state.
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
What are molecules?
The or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
What is a carbohydrate?
A sugar(monosaccharides) or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers(polysaccharides).
What are proteins?
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
What are lipids?
Any group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. (Oil)
What are nucleic acids?
A polymer(polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; that serve as blueprints for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.
What are nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus examples of?
Elements of life?
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by adding water; functions disassembly of polymers to monomers.
What is dehydration synthesis?
The removal of a water molecule to form a new bond.
What is a covalent bond?
A strong chemical bond between two atoms that share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
What is a monomer?
A subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
What is a polymer?
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
What is a monomer?
The repeated building blocks of a polymer. Sometimes have functions of their own.
What is a nucleic acid?
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides.
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up polynucleotides. Nucleotides usually have a nitrogenous base, a pentose(five carbon sugar), and 1-3 phosphate groups.
What are two examples of five carbon sugars? How are they different?
Deoxyribose and ribose
Deoxyribose has an OH and H at the bottom and ribose has two OH
What does a phosphate group look like? 😛
Four oxygens connected to a phosphorus and one double bond between one of the oxygens and the phosphorus.
What are five examples of nitrogenous bases?😊
Pyrimidines:
Cysteine(C)
Thymine(T or DNA)
Uracil(U, in RNA)
Purines:
Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
What is the structure and function of DNA?
Structure:
Two polynucleotides, that wind around an imaginary axis forming a double helix.
Function:
Genetic information storage
What is the structure and function of RNA?
Structure:
Single strands of polynucleotides.
Function:
Translates genetic information for proteins.
What are proteins?
A biologically functional molecule consisting or one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer consisting of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
It’s sequence of amino acids.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The coils and folds of the polypeptide chains.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains and the various amino acids.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits. Consist of one or more polypeptides folded chains.
What is an amino acid?
An organic molecule possessing both a carbonyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.
What does an amino group consist of? What’s its compound name?
(-NH2) Amine
(Glycine)
What does a carboxyl group consist of? What’s its compound name?
(-COOH) Carboxyl acid, organic acid
(Acetic acid)
How many possible R-groups are there?
20
What makes an R group hydrophobic?
Includes long hydrocarbon chains and rings.
What makes an R group hydrophilic?
Includes oxygen or nitrogen. No charges.
What makes an R group hydrophilic?
Includes oxygen or nitrogen. No charges.
What makes an R group acidic( hydrophilic)
Carboxyl groups, negative charges
What makes a R group basic (hydrophilic)
Amine groups, positive charges
What are monosaccharides?
Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O.
What are polysaccharides?
Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
What is a non polar covalent bond?
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms or similar electronegativity
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid in which all carbons in a hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
What is a phospholipid?
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non-polar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bolsters that function as biological membranes.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and more he other atom slightly positive.
Explain the anti parallel double helix.
The molecules of DNA have two polynucleotides that wind around an imaginary axis forming a double helix. Two two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5’ by 3’ directions from each other. (Referred to as antiparallel)
What is adenine?
Adenine is a purine nitrogenous base consisting of two pentagon rings connected together making a bond with NH2
What is thymine?
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base consisting of one hexamer ring connected to two double oxygen bonds and a bond to CH3. In DNA
What is guanine?
A purine nitrogenous base consisting of two rings connected together making NH2 and a double bond to oxygen.
What is guanine?
A purine nitrogenous base consisting of two rings connected together making NH2 and a double bond to oxygen.
What is cytosine?
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base consisting of a hexamer ring connected to NH2 and a double bond to oxygen.
What is cytosine?
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base consisting of a hexamer ring connected to NH2 and a double bond to oxygen.
What is a peptide bond?
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction.
What is a beta pleated sheet?
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.
What is an alpha helix?
A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.
Describe 3’ hydroxyl of the sugar.
The sugar of the nucleotide consists of a hydroxyl group inside of the sugar.
Describe 5’ phosphates of the sugar
The nucleotide has a phosphate group inside the sugar.
