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AP Bio > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space & has mass

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2
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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3
Q

compound

A

a substance containing of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

essential elements

A

elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life & reproduce

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5
Q

trace elements

A

an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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6
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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7
Q

neutron

A

a subatomic particle having no electrical charge

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8
Q

electron

A

a subatomic particle having a single negative electrical charge

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9
Q

proton

A

a subatomic particle having a single positive electrical charge

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10
Q

nucleus

A

the center of an atom

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11
Q

dalton

A

a unit used to measure the size of atoms and subatomic particles
(same as amu: atomic mass unit)

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12
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons of an element

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13
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons + neutrons

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14
Q

atomic mass

A

total mass of an atom

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15
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of the same element

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16
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an unstable isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles of energy

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17
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change, esp. by doing work

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18
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that matter possesses bc of its location or structure

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19
Q

electron shells

A

an energy level of electrons at a characteristic avg distance from the nucleus of an atom

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20
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons on the outermost electron shell

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21
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost electron shell

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22
Q

chemical bonds

A

An attraction btwn 2 atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms.
The bonded atoms gain complete valence shells.

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23
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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24
Q

single bond

A

a pair of shared valence electrons

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25
Q

double bond

A

the sharing of 2 pairs of valence electrons

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26
Q

valence

A

the bonding capacity of an atom; usually equals # of electrons required to complete valence shell

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27
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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28
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally bc the two atoms have similar electronegativity

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29
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons are not shared equally bc one atom is more electronegative than another

30
Q

ion

A

an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge; when 2 atoms are so unequal, one strips the other of a valence electron

31
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

32
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

33
Q

ionic bond

A

an attraction btwn cations & anions bc of their opposite charges

34
Q

ionic compounds

A

(or salts) compounds formed by ionic bonds

35
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the con-covalent attraction btwn a hydrogen & an electronegative atom

36
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions btwn molecules that only occur when atoms & molecules are very close

37
Q

reactants

A
38
Q

products

A
39
Q

chemical equilibrium

A
40
Q

polar molecule

A
41
Q

cohesion

A
42
Q

adhesion

A
43
Q

surface tension

A
44
Q

kinetic energy

A
45
Q

thermal energy

A
46
Q

temperature

A
47
Q

heat

A
48
Q

calorie (cal)

A
49
Q

kilocalorie (kcal)

A
50
Q

specific heat

A
51
Q

heat of vaporization

A
52
Q

evaporative cooling

A
53
Q

solution

A
54
Q

solvent

A
55
Q

solute

A
56
Q

aqueous solution

A
57
Q

hydration shell

A
58
Q

hydrophilic

A
59
Q

hydrophobic

A
60
Q

molecular mass

A
61
Q

mole

A
62
Q

molarity

A
63
Q

hydrogen ion

A
64
Q

hydroxide ion

A
65
Q

hydronium ion

A
66
Q

acid

A
67
Q

base

A
68
Q

pH

A
69
Q

buffer

A
70
Q

ocean acidification

A

AP Bio (4 decks)

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