Unit 1: Chemistry Flashcards
What is matter composed of?
Atoms
What are atoms composed of?
Subatomic particles; protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (-)
What particles are located in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
Where are electrons located?
Outside the nucleus, in orbitals
What elements make up the human body? (4)
Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
What is a cation?
What is an anion?
Cation: atom that has lost electrons (+)
Anion: atom that has gained electrons (-)
What are isotopes?
Elements with variations in their amount of neutrons
What are the 4 types of bonds?
Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, Van der Waals Forces
What is an ionic bond?
Bonds formed between charged particles (+ and -)
Properties of ionic bonds?
Donate or take electrons
Bonds: strong
Compounds: hard but brittle
MP: high
Conductors in water: good
Solubility: in polar solutions
What is a covalent bond?
Bond formed between two non-metals
Properties of covalent bonds?
Share electrons
Bonds: strong
MP: low
Conductors in water: poor
Solubility: dependent, less soluble in water unless it contains charged portions
What are lone pairs?
Electrons not involved in bonding process, created when Hydrogen bonds to non-metal
What are hydrogen bonds?
Bonds between hydrogen and non-metals, weaker than regular covalent bonds
What are Van der Waals Forces?
Not an actual bond; distance-dependent interaction between atoms and molecules
related to orientation of molecules and dipole interactions
Acids vs Bases?
Acids: release H+ ions when dissolved in water
Bases: release OH- when dissolved in water
What is a buffer?
Aqueous solution made of a weak acid and its conjugate base
Help resist major change in pH
Acid + base =
Salt + water
What is tonicity?
The osmotic pressure gradient between two sides of a membrane, caused by solute concentration
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic
Hypertonic: Solution has a higher solute concentration than other side
Hypotonic: Solution has a lower solute concentration than other side
Isotonic: Same solute concentration
4 main classes of molecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein
Monomer vs polymer vs macromolecule
Monomer: smallest possible form of the molecule
Polymer: 2 or more monomers
Macromolecule: large number of polymers together
What are carbohydrates? Composition?
Saccharides, composed of C, H, O with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1
CH2O
3 to 7 carbon rings
Complex saccharides / polysaccharides use?
Long-term energy storage / structural support in plants
What are lipids? Composition? Types?
Fats / oils
composed of C, H
types:
neutral fats and oils
waxes
steroids
phospholipids
Neutral fats?
hydrophobic, non-polar, lack acidic/basic group
long term energy storage, insulation, cushioning organs
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid (often named triglyceride)
Fatty acids; sat vs unsat
Saturated: no double bond (more stable)
Unsaturated: double bond
Phospholipid?
Glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate group
neutral tail (fatty acids), polarized head
major component of cell membrane
Waxes?
1 fatty acid + alcohol
hydrophobic
Steroids?
Very different from other lipids
increase membrane fluidity, act as signaling molecules
Proteins?
Made of amino acids
CHNOS
amino acid bonds are peptide bonds
Protein folding
Primary structure: amino acid sequence
Secondary structure: coiling and folding of polypeptide sequence
Tertiary structure: overall 3d shape
Quaternary structure: proteins bound to make a bigger protein
Denature, Renature, Coagulation
Unable to perform functions
Back to optimal ability
Unable to return
Nucleic Acids?
DNA and RNA made of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Types of nitrogenous bases
Purines:
AG (2 ring)
Pyrimidine:
CTU (1 ring)
