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Anatomy and Physiology Final > Unit 1: Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter composed of?

A

Atoms

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2
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Subatomic particles; protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (-)

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3
Q

What particles are located in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

Outside the nucleus, in orbitals

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5
Q

What elements make up the human body? (4)

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

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6
Q

What is a cation?

What is an anion?

A

Cation: atom that has lost electrons (+)

Anion: atom that has gained electrons (-)

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements with variations in their amount of neutrons

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of bonds?

A

Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, Van der Waals Forces

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9
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Bonds formed between charged particles (+ and -)

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10
Q

Properties of ionic bonds?

A

Donate or take electrons

Bonds: strong
Compounds: hard but brittle
MP: high
Conductors in water: good
Solubility: in polar solutions

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Bond formed between two non-metals

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12
Q

Properties of covalent bonds?

A

Share electrons

Bonds: strong
MP: low
Conductors in water: poor
Solubility: dependent, less soluble in water unless it contains charged portions

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13
Q

What are lone pairs?

A

Electrons not involved in bonding process, created when Hydrogen bonds to non-metal

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14
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Bonds between hydrogen and non-metals, weaker than regular covalent bonds

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15
Q

What are Van der Waals Forces?

A

Not an actual bond; distance-dependent interaction between atoms and molecules

related to orientation of molecules and dipole interactions

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16
Q

Acids vs Bases?

A

Acids: release H+ ions when dissolved in water

Bases: release OH- when dissolved in water

17
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Aqueous solution made of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Help resist major change in pH

18
Q

Acid + base =

A

Salt + water

19
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The osmotic pressure gradient between two sides of a membrane, caused by solute concentration

20
Q

Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic

A

Hypertonic: Solution has a higher solute concentration than other side

Hypotonic: Solution has a lower solute concentration than other side

Isotonic: Same solute concentration

21
Q

4 main classes of molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein

22
Q

Monomer vs polymer vs macromolecule

A

Monomer: smallest possible form of the molecule

Polymer: 2 or more monomers

Macromolecule: large number of polymers together

23
Q

What are carbohydrates? Composition?

A

Saccharides, composed of C, H, O with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1

CH2O

3 to 7 carbon rings

24
Q

Complex saccharides / polysaccharides use?

A

Long-term energy storage / structural support in plants

25
Q

What are lipids? Composition? Types?

A

Fats / oils

composed of C, H

types:
neutral fats and oils
waxes
steroids
phospholipids

26
Q

Neutral fats?

A

hydrophobic, non-polar, lack acidic/basic group

long term energy storage, insulation, cushioning organs

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid (often named triglyceride)

27
Q

Fatty acids; sat vs unsat

A

Saturated: no double bond (more stable)
Unsaturated: double bond

28
Q

Phospholipid?

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate group

neutral tail (fatty acids), polarized head

major component of cell membrane

29
Q

Waxes?

A

1 fatty acid + alcohol

hydrophobic

30
Q

Steroids?

A

Very different from other lipids

increase membrane fluidity, act as signaling molecules

31
Q

Proteins?

A

Made of amino acids

CHNOS

amino acid bonds are peptide bonds

32
Q

Protein folding

A

Primary structure: amino acid sequence

Secondary structure: coiling and folding of polypeptide sequence

Tertiary structure: overall 3d shape

Quaternary structure: proteins bound to make a bigger protein

33
Q

Denature, Renature, Coagulation

A

Unable to perform functions

Back to optimal ability

Unable to return

34
Q

Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA and RNA made of nucleotides

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

35
Q

Types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines:
AG (2 ring)

Pyrimidine:
CTU (1 ring)

Anatomy and Physiology Final (8 decks)

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