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unit 1 - chapter 5 (large biological molecules) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

large/complex molecules; molecules of life

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2
Q

what are the 4 classes of large biological molecules that make up most living biomass?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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3
Q

what is a polymer?

A

(many parts), a large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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4
Q

what is a monomer?

A

(single parts), repeating units that serve as building blocks

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5
Q

what can monomers form?

A

together they can form dimers, trimers, tetramers, and oligomers

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6
Q

what is the class of life’s organic molecules that isn’t a polymer?

A

lipids

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7
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers

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8
Q

what macromolecule are enzymes made of?

A

protein

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9
Q

what does dehydration do?

A

removes a water molecule to form a new bond

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10
Q

what does hydrolysis do?

A

adds a water molecule to break a bond

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11
Q

what’s in the blank?
each cell has thousands of different _____

A

macromolecules

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12
Q

what is a carbohydrate good at doing?

A

serves as fuel and building material

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13
Q

what is one way to remember carbohydrates?

A

pancake

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14
Q

what do carbohydrates include?

A

sugars and polymers of sugar

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15
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

(simple sugar), the simplest of carbohydrates

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16
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

made of 2 monosaccharides

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17
Q

what is a common example of a disaccharide?

A

sucrose/table sugar

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18
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

(complex carb), polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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19
Q

what is an example of a polysaccharide?

A

carbohydrate macromolecules

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20
Q

what’s in the blank?
monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of _____

A

CH20

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21
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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22
Q

how are monosaccharides classified?

A

the location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose) and the # of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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23
Q

what’s in the blank?
sugars have _____ structures

A

linear

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24
Q

what type of structure do monosaccharides form?

A

rings (in an aqueous solution)

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25
Q

what does the green hexagon represent?

A

glucose

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26
Q

what are the 3 most common disaccharides?

A

lactose (galactose and glucose), sucrose (glucose and fructose), and maltose (glucose and glucose)

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27
Q

how are monosaccharides linked to form a disaccharide?

A

glycosidic linkages

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28
Q

how do glycosidic linkages form?

A

dehydration synthesis

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29
Q

what’s in the blank?
maltose has a _____ to _____ glycosidic linkage

A

1-4

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30
Q

what’s in the blank?
sucrose has a _____ to _____ glycosidic linkage

A

1-2

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31
Q

what is starch?

A

the storage polysaccharide of plants that consists entirely of glucose monomers

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32
Q

what type of storage does starch have?

A

storage that is not meant to be permanent

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33
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

helical

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34
Q

what is the simplest form of starch?

A

amylose

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35
Q

out of starch, glycogen, and cellulose; which one is meant to be permanent?

A

cellulose

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36
Q

where do plants store their surplus starch?

A

as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

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37
Q

what are the 2 different types of polysaccharides?

A

storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides

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38
Q

what is cellulose?

A

structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

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39
Q

what’s in the blank?
like starch, _____ is a polymer of glucose

A

cellulose

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40
Q

what differs between starch and cellulose?

A

glycosidic linkages

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41
Q

what is the most abundant polysaccharide?

A

cellulose

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42
Q

what role do a and b linkages play in cellulose?

A

enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing a linkages cannot hydrolyze b linkages in cellulose

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43
Q

what is “insoluble fiber”?

A

cellulose in human food that passes through the digestive track

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44
Q

why is fiber good?

A

bc it rubs the intestinal walls so the intestines secrete mucus and you get smooth poops

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45
Q

what’s in the blank?
some microbes use _____ to digest cellulose

A

enzymes

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46
Q

what is flexible surgical needle thread made of?

A

chitin

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46
Q

what is chitin?

A

a polysaccharide that is used in exoskeletons of arthopods & in flexible surgical needle thread

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47
Q

what’s in the blank?
the methyl groups of starch face _____ way and the methyl groups of cellulose face _____ way

A

1; 2

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48
Q

what is something to remember lipids?

A

butter on the pancake

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49
Q

what kind of things do lipids include?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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50
Q

why are lipids not true polymers?

A

they are hydrophobic bc they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

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51
Q

what are fats?

A

a type of lipid that is constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)

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52
Q

what is a glycerol?

A

a 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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53
Q

what is a fatty acid?

A

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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54
Q

how is a fat formed?

A

fatty acid and glycerol hydroxyl groups go through a dehydration rxn and form (ester linkage) a fat molecule or a triglyceride

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55
Q

what are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

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56
Q

how do fatty acids vary?

A

in length and in location/amount of double bonds

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57
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

max amount of hydrogen atoms possible & no double bonds

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58
Q

what state of matter are saturated fatty acids?

A

solid at room temp

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59
Q

what state of matter are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

liquid at room temp

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60
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

1 or more double bonds

61
Q

what are fats with saturated fatty acids called?

A

saturated fats

62
Q

what is an example of a saturated fat?

A

animal fats

63
Q

what are fats with unsaturated fatty acids called?

A

unsaturated fats

64
Q

what is an example of an unsaturated fat?

A

plant fats & fish fats

65
Q

what is a trans-fat?

A

bad fats; typically produced by artificial hydrogenation of fatty acids; may contribute more to cardiovascular disease than saturated fats do

66
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

67
Q

what are omega-3 fatty acids?

A

good fats; certain unsaturated fatty acids that aren’t synthesized in the human body; required for normal growth

68
Q

what type of fatty acids are required for growth?

A

omega-3 fatty acids

69
Q

what type of fatty acid provides protection against cardiovascular disease?

A

omega-3 fatty acids

70
Q

what is the major function of fats

A

energy storage

71
Q

what type of cells do humans and other mammals store in their long-term food reserves?

A

adipose cells

72
Q

what is fatty tissue also known as?

A

adipose tissue

73
Q

what does adipose tissue do for an organism’s body?

A

cushions vital organs & insulates the body

74
Q

what’s in the blank?
seeds store energy as _____ or _____ for new plants

A

fat or starch

75
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

76
Q

are phospholipids hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or amphipathic?

A

amphipathic

77
Q

what’s in the blank?
in phospholipids, the 2 fatty acid tails are _____ and the phosphate group (and its attachments) are _____

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

78
Q

what do cells use phospholipids for?

A

used as a bilayer/boundary and in membranes

79
Q

what is a steroid?

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

80
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

a type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes & a precursor from which other steroids are sythesized

81
Q

what can cholesterol contribute to?

A

a high level can contribute to cardiovascular disease

82
Q

what are the 2 sexual steroids?

A

estradiol & testosterone

83
Q

what color is steroid in most diagrams?

A

yellow

84
Q

what’s in the blank?
estradiol and testosterone are _____

A

not water-soluble

85
Q

what is something to remember proteins?

A

eggs

86
Q

what essential life macromolecule accounts for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells?

A

proteins

87
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

enzyme, amino acid storage, hormones, contractile/motor, defense, transport, receptors, structure

88
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

molecular tools that help make rxns occur; most end in -ase

89
Q

what are 2 examples of storage proteins?

A

albumin and casein

90
Q

what are storage proteins?

A

proteins = polymers & need to be stored so they can be converted into other proteins

91
Q

what’s in the blank?
growing organisms need to make a lot of _____

A

protein

92
Q

what is albumin?

A

storage protein found in egg whites

93
Q

what is casein?

A

storage protein found in milk

94
Q

what type of proteins are easy to break down?

A

storage proteins

95
Q

what is a hormone that isn’t a steroid?

A

insulin

96
Q

what is an example of contractile & motor protein?

A

scaffolds of the proteins actin & myosin

97
Q

what organ needs a lot of protein for motor function?

A

muscles

98
Q

what is an example of a defensive protein?

A

antibodies are produced by our immune system to active & destroy foreign pathogens such as bacteria & viruses

99
Q

where are transport proteins located and what do they do?

A

located in the phospholipid bilayer and allows the passage of materials in/out

100
Q

what are receptor proteins?

A

proteins on the surface of cells that receive signals from the outside which causes a change on the inside of the cell

101
Q

do receptor molecules themselves move molecules?

A

no, they act more like a doorbell that triggers change in the cell that receives the signal

102
Q

what’s in the blank?
while cellulose (polysaccharide) = structure of plants, keratin/collagen/elastin = _____

A

structure of animals (skin)

103
Q

what type of proteins are keratin, collagen, and elastin?

A

structural proteins

104
Q

what are spider webs & silk made out of?

A

structural proteins

105
Q

what are polypeptides?

A

unbranched polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids

106
Q

what is a protein?

A

a biologically functional molecule that consists of 1 or more polypeptides

107
Q

what are amino acids?

A

organic molecules with carboxyl & amino groups

108
Q

how do amino acids differ from eachother?

A

their properties differ due to different R groups (side chains)

109
Q

what are the 4 component of an amino acid?

A

amino group, carboxyl group, R group, and alpha carbon

110
Q

can amino acids be ionized?

A

yes, 1 end gains a proton and the other end loses 1

111
Q

what are the 4 different types of amino acids?

A

polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic

112
Q

how can you tell if an amino acid is acidic or basic?

A

if R group=negatively charged its acidic and if R group=positively charged its basic

113
Q

how can amino acids form polymers?

A

through dehydration rxns

114
Q

to be a polymer, you need a type of linkage
what type of linkage do amino acids have?

A

peptide bonds (to form polypeptides)

115
Q

how is a peptide bond formed?

A

dehydration rxn

116
Q

what’s in the blank?
proteins have unique _____ bc their polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded, & coiled

A

shapes

117
Q

what determines a protein’s 3-D structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids

118
Q

what determines a protein’s function?

A

its structure

119
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structure

120
Q

what is primary structure?

A

unique sequence of amino acids

121
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

found in most cells, coils/folds in the polypeptide chain; arises when peptide bonds in amino acid chain h-bond to each other, NO R GROUP INTERACTIONS YET

122
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

determines by interaction among various side groups/R groups; nonpolar fold inward & polar fold out; charged aa form ionic bonds with each other

123
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

multiple polypeptide chains; many proteins require multiple pp chains to be functional

124
Q

what can affect a protein structure?

A

alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel

125
Q

what is denaturation?

A

loss of protein’s native structure; denatured protein=biologically inactive

126
Q

what is an example of irreversible denaturation of a protein?

A

boiled eggs

127
Q

what is an example of reversible denaturation of a protein?

A

keratin hair treatment

128
Q

where are polypeptides made?

A

in the ribosome

129
Q

what causes sickle cell disease?

A

misshapen hemoglobin (b-globin) causes a cascade effect and error in protein folding

130
Q

what is a nucleic acid?

A

store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

131
Q

what is a gene?

A

aa sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance

132
Q

what are genes made of?

A

DNA (nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides)

133
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

134
Q

what are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA provides directions for its own replication, DNA directs synthesis of mRNA and through mRNA controls protein synthesis

135
Q

where does protein synthesis occur?

A

ribosomes

136
Q

what are polynucleotides?

A

nucleic acids that are polymers

137
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

each polynucleotide is made up of these monomers

138
Q

what are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, 1 or more phosphate groups

139
Q

what do phosphate groups in nucleotides do?

A

energy source

140
Q

what does the pentose sugar in a nucleotide do?

A

makes operation run smooth and holds things together

141
Q

what does the nitrogenous base in a nucleotide do?

A

directs the message that is encoded

142
Q

in nucleotides, what # carbon does the phosphate group attach to?

A

5’

143
Q

what’s in the blank?
in nucleotides, the _____ of the pentose are always pointed up

A

oxygen

144
Q

how many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

1

145
Q

how many rings do purines have?

A

2

146
Q

what are the 2 different types of nitrogenous bases?

A

pyrimidines and purines

147
Q

out of the pyrimidines, which base is in DNA and which base is in RNA?

A

thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

148
Q

what nucleic acid base pairs and which one only sometimes does?

A

DNA base pairs and RNA (single-stranded) sometimes does

149
Q

what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

deoxyribose is in DNA and has been deoxygenated while ribose is in RNA and have an oxygen

bio (5 decks)

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