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bio > unit 1 - chapter 4 (organic chemistry) > Flashcards

unit 1 - chapter 4 (organic chemistry) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 main answers for “where did the molecules of life come from”?

A

vitalism and mechanism

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2
Q

what is vitalism?

A

living molecules only come from living sources

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3
Q

what is mechanism?

A

molecules from living organisms can be reproduced from non-living sources

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4
Q

what did Friedrich Wohler discover?

A

he synthesized a living molecule found in living organisms from non-living starting materials called urea

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5
Q

where is urea found?

A

it is found in urine and fertilizer

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6
Q

what did Stanley Miller do?

A

he simulated early earth atmosphere before life altered the composition of it

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7
Q

what did Furukawa and his team find?

A

they found that the sugars in the meteorite appear to be found in space based on the abundance of carbon 13

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8
Q

how many other atoms can carbon bond to?

A

4

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9
Q

what is electron configuration the key to?

A

atom’s characteristics

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10
Q

what does electron configuration determine?

A

it determines the # and type of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

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11
Q

what is the most abundant element in the universe?

A

hydrogen

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12
Q

what forms the skeletons of most organic molecules?

A

carbon chains

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13
Q

how can carbon chains vary?

A

in length and in shape

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14
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

an organic molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen

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15
Q

what is a property of hydrocarbons?

A

they can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

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16
Q

what is an isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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17
Q

what are the different kinds of isomers?

A

structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers

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18
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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19
Q

what is a cis-trans isomer?

A

isomers that have same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangements

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20
Q

what is an enantiomer?

A

isomers that have mirror images of each other

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21
Q

what is a fact about the types of bonds that enantiomers have?

A

they do not have double or triple bonds

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22
Q

what is an enantiomer is also known as?

A

an asymmetric carbon or a stereocenter

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23
Q

what does an enantiomer form?

A

left and right handed versions

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24
Q

what are 2 different medications that are enantiomers and how is it a big deal?

A

ibuprofen and albuterol; ibuprofen is effective as S-Ibuprofen and treats pain and inflammation while albuterol is effective as R-Albuterol and treats asthma

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25
Q

what does albuterol treat?

A

asthma

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26
Q

what does ibuprofen treat?

A

pain and inflammation

27
Q

properties of organic molecules depend on what?

A

carbon skeleton and the molecular components attached to it

28
Q

how many important functional groups are there?

A

7

29
Q

what are all the functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl

30
Q

how many functional groups does estradiol have and what are they?

A

1; hydroxyl

31
Q

how many functional groups does testosterone have and what are they?

A

2; carbonyl (ketone) and methyl

32
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a hydroxyl group?

A

alcohol

33
Q

what is a property of hydroxyl groups?

A

it is polar so it is water soluable

34
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a carbonyl group?

A

ketones and aldehydes

35
Q

what is an aldehyde?

A

it is a ketone if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

36
Q

what is a ketone?

A

it is an aldehyde if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton or terminal

37
Q

what is a property of hydroxyl groups?

A

contains oxygen so its polar

38
Q

where are hydroxyl groups (ketone and aldehyde) found?

A

ketone and aldehyde groups are found in sugars (ketoses and aldoses)

39
Q

what are some famous ketones?

A

acetone, testosterone, phenylpyruvic acid (PKU genetic disorder), and tetracycline (antibiotic)

40
Q

what are some famous aldehydes?

A

formaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, retinol (vitamin a)

41
Q

what do alcohols usually end in?

A

-ol

42
Q

what do ketones usually end in?

A

-one

43
Q

what do aldehydes usually end in?

A

-aldehyde

44
Q

which compound produces pleasant smells?

A

aldehydes

45
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a carboxyl group?

A

carboxylic acids or organic acids

46
Q

what do carboxylic acids usually end in?

A

-ic acid or -ate

47
Q

what are the properties of carboxylic acids/organic acids?

A

they act as an acid bc they donate a proton and can be ionized

48
Q

what functional group is commonly found in living tissue?

A

carboxyl

49
Q

what compound produces gross smells?

A

organic acids

50
Q

what is the name of the compound that has an amino group?

A

amine

51
Q

what do amines usually end in?

A

-ine

52
Q

what functional groups don’t contain any oxygen?

A

amines, thiols, methyl

53
Q

what are the properties of amines?

A

they act as a base bc they can pick up a proton and can be ionized

54
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a sulfhydryl group?

A

thiol

55
Q

what are properties of thiols?

A

they are useful connectors between biological molecules and may shed protons to form sulfydryl bridges

56
Q

what is a famous example of a thiol?

A

coenzyme a

57
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a phosphate group?

A

organic phosphates

58
Q

what is a famous example of where phosphate groups are used?

A

when 3rd phosphate group of ATP reacts with water, it releases energy that the cell can use

59
Q

what are properties of organic phosphates?

A

electrons are quite active, great way to store potential energy in a molecule

60
Q

what is the name of the compound that has a methyl group?

A

methylated compound

61
Q

what is methalation?

A

which genes turn on or off in a cell

62
Q

methyl groups affect the expression of what?

A

genes

63
Q

what is an example of the arrangement of methyl group significantly changing a molecule?

A

the arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

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