unit 1 - chapter 4 (organic chemistry)

Question 1

what are the 2 main answers for “where did the molecules of life come from”?

Answer 1

vitalism and mechanism

Question 2

what is vitalism?

Answer 2

living molecules only come from living sources

Question 3

what is mechanism?

Answer 3

molecules from living organisms can be reproduced from non-living sources

Question 4

what did Friedrich Wohler discover?

Answer 4

he synthesized a living molecule found in living organisms from non-living starting materials called urea

Question 5

where is urea found?

Answer 5

it is found in urine and fertilizer

Question 6

what did Stanley Miller do?

Answer 6

he simulated early earth atmosphere before life altered the composition of it

Question 7

what did Furukawa and his team find?

Answer 7

they found that the sugars in the meteorite appear to be found in space based on the abundance of carbon 13

Question 8

how many other atoms can carbon bond to?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

what is electron configuration the key to?

Answer 9

atom’s characteristics

Question 10

what does electron configuration determine?

Answer 10

it determines the # and type of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

Question 11

what is the most abundant element in the universe?

Answer 11

hydrogen

Question 12

what forms the skeletons of most organic molecules?

Answer 12

carbon chains

Question 13

how can carbon chains vary?

Answer 13

in length and in shape

Question 14

what is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 14

an organic molecule only consisting of carbon and hydrogen

Question 15

what is a property of hydrocarbons?

Answer 15

they can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Question 16

what is an isomer?

Answer 16

same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 17

what are the different kinds of isomers?

Answer 17

structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers

Question 18

what is a structural isomer?

Answer 18

isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Question 19

what is a cis-trans isomer?

Answer 19

isomers that have same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangements

Question 20

what is an enantiomer?

Answer 20

isomers that have mirror images of each other

Question 21

what is a fact about the types of bonds that enantiomers have?

Answer 21

they do not have double or triple bonds

Question 22

what is an enantiomer is also known as?

Answer 22

an asymmetric carbon or a stereocenter

Question 23

what does an enantiomer form?

Answer 23

left and right handed versions

Question 24

what are 2 different medications that are enantiomers and how is it a big deal?

Answer 24

ibuprofen and albuterol; ibuprofen is effective as S-Ibuprofen and treats pain and inflammation while albuterol is effective as R-Albuterol and treats asthma

Question 25

what does albuterol treat?

Answer 25

asthma

Question 26

what does ibuprofen treat?

Answer 26

pain and inflammation

Question 27

properties of organic molecules depend on what?

Answer 27

carbon skeleton and the molecular components attached to it

Question 28

how many important functional groups are there?

Answer 28

7

Question 29

what are all the functional groups?

Answer 29

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl

Question 30

how many functional groups does estradiol have and what are they?

Answer 30

1; hydroxyl

Question 31

how many functional groups does testosterone have and what are they?

Answer 31

2; carbonyl (ketone) and methyl

Question 32

what is the name of the compound that has a hydroxyl group?

Answer 32

alcohol

Question 33

what is a property of hydroxyl groups?

Answer 33

it is polar so it is water soluable

Question 34

what is the name of the compound that has a carbonyl group?

Answer 34

ketones and aldehydes

Question 35

what is an aldehyde?

Answer 35

it is a ketone if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

Question 36

what is a ketone?

Answer 36

it is an aldehyde if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton or terminal

Question 37

what is a property of hydroxyl groups?

Answer 37

contains oxygen so its polar

Question 38

where are hydroxyl groups (ketone and aldehyde) found?

Answer 38

ketone and aldehyde groups are found in sugars (ketoses and aldoses)

Question 39

what are some famous ketones?

Answer 39

acetone, testosterone, phenylpyruvic acid (PKU genetic disorder), and tetracycline (antibiotic)

Question 40

what are some famous aldehydes?

Answer 40

formaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, retinol (vitamin a)

Question 41

what do alcohols usually end in?

Answer 41

-ol

Question 42

what do ketones usually end in?

Answer 42

-one

Question 43

what do aldehydes usually end in?

Answer 43

-aldehyde

Question 44

which compound produces pleasant smells?

Answer 44

aldehydes

Question 45

what is the name of the compound that has a carboxyl group?

Answer 45

carboxylic acids or organic acids

Question 46

what do carboxylic acids usually end in?

Answer 46

-ic acid or -ate

Question 47

what are the properties of carboxylic acids/organic acids?

Answer 47

they act as an acid bc they donate a proton and can be ionized

Question 48

what functional group is commonly found in living tissue?

Answer 48

carboxyl

Question 49

what compound produces gross smells?

Answer 49

organic acids

Question 50

what is the name of the compound that has an amino group?

Answer 50

amine

Question 51

what do amines usually end in?

Answer 51

-ine

Question 52

what functional groups don't contain any oxygen?

Answer 52

amines, thiols, methyl

Question 53

what are the properties of amines?

Answer 53

they act as a base bc they can pick up a proton and can be ionized

Question 54

what is the name of the compound that has a sulfhydryl group?

Answer 54

thiol

Question 55

what are properties of thiols?

Answer 55

they are useful connectors between biological molecules and may shed protons to form sulfydryl bridges

Question 56

what is a famous example of a thiol?

Answer 56

coenzyme a

Question 57

what is the name of the compound that has a phosphate group?

Answer 57

organic phosphates

Question 58

what is a famous example of where phosphate groups are used?

Answer 58

when 3rd phosphate group of ATP reacts with water, it releases energy that the cell can use

Question 59

what are properties of organic phosphates?

Answer 59

electrons are quite active, great way to store potential energy in a molecule

Question 60

what is the name of the compound that has a methyl group?

Answer 60

methylated compound

Question 61

what is methalation?

Answer 61

which genes turn on or off in a cell

Question 62

methyl groups affect the expression of what?

Answer 62

genes

Question 63

what is an example of the arrangement of methyl group significantly changing a molecule?

Answer 63

the arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function