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A&P 1 > Unit 1 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of chemical element

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2
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be simplified or broken down further

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3
Q

Protons

A

1amu
(+1)
Located in the nucleus

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4
Q

Neutrons

A

1.008amu
Neutral
Located in the nucleus

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5
Q

Electron

A

0.0005486amu
(-1)
Orbitals (outside nucleus)

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Varieties of elements that differ only in the number of neutrons.

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The mass of an atom – approx. equal to the number of protons & neutrons

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9
Q

How is the Periodic Table Organized

A

Rows (Periods)
Columns (Groups)
Arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

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10
Q

Atom Stability

A

Atom Stability – balanced state where the forces in the nucleus are evenly distributed (*Primarily protons and neutrons)

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11
Q

Octet Rule

A

tendency of atoms to have 8 electrons in the valence shell (preferred)

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12
Q

Molecular Formula

A

The number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of a specific compound

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13
Q

Structural Formula

A

graphic representation of a specific molecular structure

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14
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds between atoms that share electrons

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15
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

electrons shared equally

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16
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

electrons shared unequally

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17
Q

Properties of water - polarity

A

Uneven distribution of electrical charge within a water molecule

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18
Q

Properties of water - hydrogen bonding

A

electrostatic attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of a closely neighboring water molecule. Creates weak intermolecular force that holds water molecules together.

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19
Q

Properties of water - solvency

A

Ability to dissolve polar or ionic substances.

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20
Q

Solute

A

a dissolved substance (smaller amounts than solvent)

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21
Q

Solvent

A

substance with the ability to dissolve other substances (forms a solution)

22
Q

Solution

A

particles of matter (solutes) mixed with more abundant substances (solvent)

23
Q

Define the ionization of water

A

Chemical reaction that occurs when water molecules donate protons to one another forming hydronium and hydroxide ions.

24
Q

pH

A

(potential of hydrogen) measure derived from the mobility of H+
1) 7.0 is neutral.
2) Less than 7 is an acidic solution.
3) Greater than 7 is a basic solution.

25
Q

Acid

A

substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (Proton donor)

26
Q

Base

A

substance that can accept hydrogen ions (protons) in a solution (proton acceptor)

27
Q

Buffer

A

chemical system in the body that helps maintain stable pH. Neutralizes hydrogen and hydroxide ions

28
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

29
Q

Organic Compound

A

Chemical compound that contains Carbon/Carbon or Carbon/Hydrogen bond

30
Q

Hydroxyl

A

(-OH)

31
Q

Methyl

A

(-CH3)

32
Q

Amino

A

(-NH2)

33
Q

Carboxyl

A

(-COOH)

34
Q

Phosphate

A

(-H2PO4)

35
Q

List the three major monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

36
Q

List the three major disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make them

A

-Sucrose – Glucose & Fructose
-Lactose – Glucose & Galactose
-Maltose – Glucose (2)

37
Q

Define a Polysaccharides and give two

A

Carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number sugar molecules bonded together. i.e starch, cellulose

38
Q

Define saturated fatty acid

A

Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other

39
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contain some double bonds between carbons in chain

40
Q

List the molecules that make up the triglyceride

A

Glycerol & 3 Fatty acids

41
Q

List the molecules that make up the phospholipid. Where do you find phospholipids?

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and alcohol
Phospholipids are found in the cell membranes of all living things

42
Q

Distinguish between the polar and nonpolar ends of a phospholipid and the solubility differences.

A

Polar has a “head” that readily interacts with water (Hydrophilic) – Are partially water soluble

Nonpolar has a “tail” that made of fatty acid chains that avoid water (Hydrophobic) – Are not water soluble

43
Q

Define steroids and list two common steroids

A

Cortisol & Cholesterol

44
Q

Amino Acid

A

Central carbon with 3 attachments

45
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Joins amino group of 1 amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

46
Q

Describe the importance of structure in proteins.

A

It directly determines its function – how it interacts with the body

47
Q

Denaturation

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys function.
i.e. extreme heat or pH

48
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

1 Amino chain
Covalent and Peptide bonds
Linear Chair
Non-Functional

49
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

1 Amino Chain
Hydrogen bonds
Coiled/folded
Non-Functional

50
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

1 Amino Chain
Disulfide, hydrogen, ionic bonds
Globular, Fibrous
Functional

51
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

2+ Amino Chains
Hydrogen bonds
Tetrahedrally Shape
Non-Functional

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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