UNIT 1: CHAPTER 1: ANTI HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Question 1

Used in the management of EDEMA associated with cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine abnormalities, as well as in the treatment of HTN, glaucoma, and other several disease conditions

Answer 1

Diuretics

Question 2

Site of Action of Diuretics

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

Increased urine production

Answer 3

Diuresis

Question 4

Increased excretion of K+ in the urine

Answer 4

Kaliuresis

Question 5

Increased excretion of Na+ in the urine

Answer 5

Natriuresis

Question 6

Main reabsorption site for HCO3- (85%), Na+ (40%), organic solutes, glucose, amino acids.

Answer 6

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 7

WATER is permeable.

Answer 7

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 8

Site of Action of Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 8

• Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
• Osmotic Diuretics
• Methylxanthines - Caffeine

Question 9

• Reabsorption of Na+ (5-10%)
• WATER is impermeable.

Answer 9

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 10

Site of Action of Distal Convoluted Tubule

Answer 10

Thiazide Diuretics

Question 11

• Reabsorption of Na+ (3%)
• Excretion of K+ and H+

Answer 11

Collecting Duct

Question 12

Site of Action of Collecting Duct

Answer 12

Site of action of:
1. Aldosterone (promotes Sodium
reabsorption).
2. ADH (Increases reabsorption of Sodium
in the collecting duct).
3. POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS

Question 13

• Thin Descending Limb
• Thick Ascending Limb

Answer 13

LOOP OF HENLE

Question 14

Site of Action of Thin Descending Limb

Answer 14

Osmotic Diuretics

Question 15

Site of action of Thick Ascending Limb

Answer 15

Loop Diuretics

Question 16

• WATER is impermeable
• Reabsorption of Na+
(35%), Mg++, Ca++

Answer 16

Thick Ascending Limb

Question 17

Brand Name of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

Answer 17

Microzide

Question 18

Brand Name of CHLORTHIAZIDE

Answer 18

Diuril

Question 19

Brand name of CHLORTHALIDONE

Answer 19

Thalitone

Question 20

Brand Name of INDAPAMIDE

Answer 20

Lozol

Question 21

Brand name of METOLAZONE

Answer 21

Zaroxolyn

Question 22

MOA: Promotes the inhibition of Na+,Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron

Answer 22

Thiazide Diuretics

Question 23

Effects of Thiazide Diuretics

Answer 23

▪ Diuretic
▪ Natriuretic
▪ Kaliuretic
▪ Retains Calcium

Question 24

particularly in patients with inadequate dietary Potassium

Answer 24

Hypokalemia

Question 25

Sulfonamide-associated adverse effects

Answer 25

• Dermatologic • Hematologic

Question 26

Metabolic Effects of Thiazide diuretics

Answer 26

• Hyperglycemia (Decreased insulin sensitivity) • Hyperuricemia (Inhibition of uric acid excretion) • Hyperlipidemia

Question 27

MOA: Promotes the inhibition of Na+, K+ , 2Cl- symporter in the thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle of the nephron.

Answer 27

Loop Diuretics

Question 28

Brand Name of Furosemide

Answer 28

Lasix

Question 29

Brand name of Torsemide

Answer 29

Demadex

Question 30

Brand name of Ethacrynic acid

Answer 30

Edecrin

Question 31

Effects of Loop Diuretics

Answer 31

Effects: ▪ Diuretic ▪ Natriuretic ▪ Kaliuretic ▪ Hypomagnesemia ▪ Hypocalcemia

Question 32

Adverse effects of Loop Diuretics

Answer 32

• Hypokalemia • Sulfonamide • Metabolic effects • Ototoxicity - affects cranial nerve

Question 33

Cause electrolyte imbalances

Answer 33

Loop diuretic - Drastic Diuretic effect

Question 34

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists

Answer 34

Spironolactone Eplerinone

Question 35

Epithelial Sodium-channel (ENaC) Inhibitors

Answer 35

• Triamterene • Amiloride

Question 36

Brand name of SPIRONOLACTONE

Answer 36

Aldactone, Carospir

Question 37

Brand name of EPLERINONE

Answer 37

Inspra

Question 38

Brand name of TRIAMTERENE

Answer 38

Dyrenium

Question 39

Brand name of AMILORIDE

Answer 39

Midamor

Question 40

MOA: Structural analogs of aldosterone that competitively blocks aldosterone binding sites in the collecting duct.

Answer 40

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists

Question 41

Blocks the entry of Sodium in collecting ducts

Answer 41

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists

Question 42

Effects of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Answer 42

• Diuretic • Natriuretic • Decreased Kaliuresis

Question 43

Cause more natriuresis than thiazide

Answer 43

Loop Diuretics

Question 44

Favorable with patients with osteoporosis as comorbidity.

Answer 44

Thiazide diuretics

Question 45

Weak/low natriuretic effect.

Answer 45

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

Question 46

It Inhibits the enzyme, Carbonic Anhydrase (CA).

Answer 46

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Question 47

First Sulfonamide-derived diuretics

Answer 47

• ACETAZOLAMIDE • DORZOLAMIDE • BRINZOLAMIDE • DICHLOROPHENAMIDE

Question 48

Brand name of ACETAZOLAMIDE

Answer 48

Diamox

Question 49

Brand name of DORZOLAMIDE

Answer 49

Trusopt

Question 50

Brand name of BRINZOLAMIDE

Answer 50

Azopt

Question 51

Brand name of DICHLOROPHENAMIDE

Answer 51

Keveyis

Question 52

Adverse effects of CA

Answer 52

• Metabolic Acidosis • Sulfonamide-Associated

Question 53

Brand name of Mannitol

Answer 53

Osmitrol

Question 54

Brand name of Glycerol

Answer 54

Fleet

Question 55

Creates an osmotic gradient at the water-permeable regions of the nephron (PCT and thin descending limb)

Answer 55

Osmotic Diuretics

Question 56

Management of cerebral edema

Answer 56

Osmotic Diuretics

Question 57

Management of glaucoma

Answer 57

Osmotic Diuretic

Question 58

Adverse effects of Osmotic Diuretics

Answer 58

1. Dehydration 2. Hypovolemia with the possibility of hypernatremia.