Unit 1: Central & Peripheral Nervous System

Question 1

Nervous system branches:

Answer 1

1. Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
   •••
2. Peripheral nervous system:
3. > Autonomic nervous system (communicates with internal organs and glands).
   1.1 >Sympathetic division (arousing).
   1.1> parasympathetic division (calming).
4. > Somatic nervous system (communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles).
   1.1 >sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory input).
   1.1 >motor (efferent) nervous system (motor output).

Question 2

Autonomic:

Answer 2

Automatic.

Question 3

Somatic:

Answer 3

Senses.

Question 4

Central nervous system:

Answer 4

•composed of the brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system is the site of neural integration and processing.
-damage to the CNS can affect everything from temperament and motor control to the maintenance of homeostasis depending on which region is harmed.
-the CNS consists of two types of nervous tissues: grey & white matter.

Question 5

The brain:

Answer 5

-the brain is the centre for intelligence, consciousness, and emotion. It also regulates bodily functions without conscious thought (e.g. breathing).

Question 6

Organizations of the brain (need to know = caps):

Answer 6

•Forebrain:
-CEREBRAL CORTEX.
-basal ganglia.
-hippocampus.
-amygdala.
-thalamus.
-HYPOTHALAMUS.
•midbrain:
-tectum.
-tegmentum.
•hindbrain:
-PONS.
-CEREBELLUM.
-MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Question 7

The forebrain: cerebral cortex:

Answer 7

•the cerebral cortex or cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into left and right hemispheres, and can be further categorized into four main lobes, each of which is responsible for a series of specific functions.

•left and right hemispheres:
-left-hemisphere: analytical & concrete.
-right-hemisphere: creative & abstract.
-communication between the two hemispheres via the corpus callosum is essential for integrating functions.

Question 8

The cerebrum has:

Answer 8

Lobes.

Question 9

Cerebrum:

Answer 9

-responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, conciousness, and voluntary movement.

Question 10

Corpus callosum:

Answer 10

-group of fibres which connect L & R hemispheres.

Question 11

Thalamus:

Answer 11

-relay center for the cortex: handles incoming and outgoing signals.

Question 12

Cerebellum:

Answer 12

-coordinates fine muscle movement & balance.

Question 13

Reticular formation:

Answer 13

-group of fibres that carries info to the pons.

Question 14

Spinal cord:

Answer 14

-transmits info between the brain and body.

Question 15

Medulla/medulla oblongata:

Answer 15

-regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation.

Question 16

Pons:

Answer 16

-involved in sleep & arousal.

Question 17

Hippocampus:

Answer 17

-involved in learning and memory.

Question 18

Pituitary gland:

Answer 18

-regulates hormone release.

Question 19

Hypothalamus:

Answer 19

-regulates homeostasis (hunger, thirst, temperature control).

Question 20

Amygdala:

Answer 20

-involved in emotional responses and aggression.

Question 21

Four lobes of the cerebrum (1. frontal lobe):

Answer 21

-conscious thought.
-intelligence, memory, & personality.
-voluntary muscle movements.
-broca’s area (language production).

Question 22

Four lobes of the cerebrum (2. Parietal lobe):

Answer 22

-somatosensory functions.
-touch.
-taste.
-processes information about body position.

Question 23

Four lobes of the cerebrum (3. Temporal lobe):

Answer 23

-auditory reception (hearing).
-wernicke’s area (language comprehension).

Question 24

Four lobes of the cerebrum (occipital lobe):

Answer 24

-processes visual information.

Question 25

Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia:

Answer 25

-brain damage can lead to language impairments, or aphasia.
-broca’s aphasia: patients are unable to produce fluent speech but can understand what others are saying.
-wernicke’s aphasia: patients are able to produce fluent speech, but do not understand what they are saying/what is being said to them.

Question 26

Peripheral nervous system:

Answer 26

-the PNS consists of nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body, including sensory organs, muscles, glands, and internal organs.

Question 27

Two main divisions (PNS):

Answer 27

•the somatic system:
-voluntary control.
-carries info from sensory receptors to skeletal muscles.
•the autonomic system:
-involuntary control.
-maintains homeostasis (breathing, heart rate).

Question 28

Subdivisions of the autonomic system:

Answer 28

1. Sympathetic: “fight or flight” (S for Stress):
   -activated during stressful situations.
   -release of epinephrine/norepinephrine.
2. Parasympathetic: “rest and digest”:
   -activated when body is calm and at rest.
   -release of acetylcholine.

Question 29

Sympathetic:

Answer 29

STRESS

Question 30

Parasympathetic:

Answer 30

RELAX

Question 31

Heart:

Answer 31

-sympathetic: increases heart rate.
-parasympathetic: decreases heart rate.

Question 32

Digestive tract:

Answer 32

-sympathetic: decreases peristalsis.
-parasympathetic: increases peristalsis.

Question 33

Liver:

Answer 33

-sympathetic: increased glucose release.
-parasympathetic: stores glucose (glycogen)!!!

Question 34

Eyes:

Answer 34

-sympathetic: dilates pupils.
-parasympathetic: constricts pupils.

Question 35

Bladder:

Answer 35

-sympathetic: inhibits urination.
-parasympathetic: promotes urination.

Question 36

Skin:

Answer 36

-sympathetic: decreases blood flow.
-parasympathetic: increases blood flow.

Question 37

Respiratory system:

Answer 37

-sympathetic: dilates bronchioles.
-parasympathetic: constricts bronchioles.

Question 38

The cerebral cortex is also known as the:

Answer 38

Cerebrum.