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Biology > Unit 1: Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is oxygen’s partial charge in water and why

A

It has a partial negative charge bc of its greater electronegativity

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2
Q

Alkalinity (basic)

A

Measure of hydroxide ion concentration

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3
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Molecules that are carbon and hydrogen based

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4
Q

Why can carbon make complex structures?

A

Bc it can bond four times due to its high electronegativity

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5
Q

Four Organic Compounds

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Which of the four organic compounds are macromolecules?

A

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

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7
Q

Carbohydrate Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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8
Q

Monosaccharides types

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

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9
Q

Monomer

A

Basic building block that can be a repeating unit

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two simple sugars bonded

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11
Q

Glucose+glucose=

A

Maltose

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12
Q

Glucose+fructose=

A

Sucrose

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13
Q

Glucose+galactose=

A

Lactose

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14
Q

What ratio must there be between hydrogen and oxygen in order for it to be a sugar

A

2:1

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules

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16
Q

Macromolecules

A

A molecule made of repeating units

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17
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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18
Q

Where is starch stored?

A

Plants

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19
Q

Where is cellulose stored?

A

Cell wall of plants

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20
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Animals

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21
Q

Where is chitin stored?

A

Exoskeleton of some animals

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22
Q

What do carbs provide?

A

Structure, quick energy when bonds break, protection

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23
Q

What do lipids provide?

A

Store energy, cushion, insulation, regulates what goes in and out of cell

24
Q

What are phospholipids made up of? What is it?

A

Glycerol, phosphate group, two fatty acids . It’s amphipathic

25
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and phyilic parts

26
Q

Saturated vs. unsaturated fat

A

Sat is single bonded, can be compressed

Unsat is double bonded so it’s bent

27
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

Bonds that bond sugar monosaccharides

28
Q

Ester bonds

A

Bonds that bond lipids

29
Q

Waxes

A

Ester bonds with long carbon chains

30
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as catalysts to a reaction

31
Q

Spontaneous reactions

A

Energy of the reactions is greater than that of the products

32
Q

Cofactors

A

Non protein molecules that bind to the enzymes so that the enzyme can function (minerals)

33
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Competes for the active site so substrate can’t enter

34
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

The inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site), changing the shape of the enzyme, making it ineffective

35
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Organic molecules with phosphorus

36
Q

Building blocks of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides, phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

37
Q

Examples of Nucleic acids

A

DNA + RNA

38
Q

Four nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, gaunine, thymine, cytosine

39
Q

What are DNA’s Antiparallel strands and what does that mean?

A

The 3’ and the 5’, they’re complimentary

40
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch

41
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap that makes sure food and water don’t go into lungs

42
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contractions that help push down food

43
Q

Cardiac sphincter/ lower esophageal sphincter

A

Closure between the esophagus and stomach that open when food approaches, prevents acid reflux

44
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

A

Pepsinogen

45
Q

How is pepsinogen made?

A

When HCL deactivates pepsin, turning it into pepsinogen

46
Q

Small intestine

A

Longer than large intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs, breakdown of carbs, proteins, lipids, and Nucleic acid

Where absorption of monomers into bloodstream occur

47
Q

Large intestine

A

All nutrients that don’t get absorbed pass through here
Absorbs water
Has over 500 types of bacteria

48
Q

Accessory organs

A

Organs that contribute to digestion but food doesn’t pass through

49
Q

Pancreas

A

Supply enzyme to the small intestine to help with breakdown

50
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile (breaks down fat)

51
Q

Gall bladder:

A

Stores bile before it reaches small intestine

52
Q

Draw carbonyl and carboxyl groups

A

Look up image

53
Q

Seven functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl 
Carbonyl 
Carboxyl 
Amino 
Sulfhydral 
Phosphate 
Methyl
54
Q

What is a glycerol molecule?

A

An alcohol with three carbon

55
Q

Function of a triglyceride?

A

Store energy

56
Q

Four levels of a protein structure and mini description

A

Primary: unique sequence of amino cells
Secondary: parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns
Tertiary: the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide
Quaternary: caused by the association of subunits

57
Q

How does carbon enter a biosphere?

A

Photosynthesis

Biology (3 decks)

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