Unit 1: Cells

Question 1

What is oxygen’s partial charge in water and why

Answer 1

It has a partial negative charge bc of its greater electronegativity

Question 2

Alkalinity (basic)

Answer 2

Measure of hydroxide ion concentration

Question 3

Organic Compounds

Answer 3

Molecules that are carbon and hydrogen based

Question 4

Why can carbon make complex structures?

Answer 4

Bc it can bond four times due to its high electronegativity

Question 5

Four Organic Compounds

Answer 5

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 6

Which of the four organic compounds are macromolecules?

Answer 6

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 7

Carbohydrate Isomer

Answer 7

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 8

Monosaccharides types

Answer 8

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 9

Monomer

Answer 9

Basic building block that can be a repeating unit

Question 10

Disaccharide

Answer 10

Two simple sugars bonded

Question 11

Glucose+glucose=

Answer 11

Maltose

Question 12

Glucose+fructose=

Answer 12

Sucrose

Question 13

Glucose+galactose=

Answer 13

Lactose

Question 14

What ratio must there be between hydrogen and oxygen in order for it to be a sugar

Answer 14

2:1

Question 15

Polysaccharides

Answer 15

Macromolecules

Question 16

Macromolecules

Answer 16

A molecule made of repeating units

Question 17

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 17

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

Question 18

Where is starch stored?

Answer 18

Plants

Question 19

Where is cellulose stored?

Answer 19

Cell wall of plants

Question 20

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 20

Animals

Question 21

Where is chitin stored?

Answer 21

Exoskeleton of some animals

Question 22

What do carbs provide?

Answer 22

Structure, quick energy when bonds break, protection

Question 23

What do lipids provide?

Answer 23

Store energy, cushion, insulation, regulates what goes in and out of cell

Question 24

What are phospholipids made up of? What is it?

Answer 24

Glycerol, phosphate group, two fatty acids . It’s amphipathic

Question 25

Amphipathic

Answer 25

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and phyilic parts

Question 26

Saturated vs. unsaturated fat

Answer 26

Sat is single bonded, can be compressed | Unsat is double bonded so it's bent

Question 27

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 27

Bonds that bond sugar monosaccharides

Question 28

Ester bonds

Answer 28

Bonds that bond lipids

Question 29

Waxes

Answer 29

Ester bonds with long carbon chains

Question 30

Enzymes

Answer 30

Proteins that act as catalysts to a reaction

Question 31

Spontaneous reactions

Answer 31

Energy of the reactions is greater than that of the products

Question 32

Cofactors

Answer 32

Non protein molecules that bind to the enzymes so that the enzyme can function (minerals)

Question 33

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 33

Competes for the active site so substrate can't enter

Question 34

Non competitive inhibitor

Answer 34

The inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site), changing the shape of the enzyme, making it ineffective

Question 35

Nucleic Acids

Answer 35

Organic molecules with phosphorus

Question 36

Building blocks of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 36

Nucleotides, phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 37

Examples of Nucleic acids

Answer 37

DNA + RNA

Question 38

Four nitrogenous bases

Answer 38

Adenine, gaunine, thymine, cytosine

Question 39

What are DNA's Antiparallel strands and what does that mean?

Answer 39

The 3' and the 5', they're complimentary

Question 40

What does amylase do?

Answer 40

Breaks down starch

Question 41

Epiglottis

Answer 41

Flap that makes sure food and water don't go into lungs

Question 42

Peristalsis

Answer 42

Wavelike contractions that help push down food

Question 43

Cardiac sphincter/ lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 43

Closure between the esophagus and stomach that open when food approaches, prevents acid reflux

Question 44

What is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

Answer 44

Pepsinogen

Question 45

How is pepsinogen made?

Answer 45

When HCL deactivates pepsin, turning it into pepsinogen

Question 46

Small intestine

Answer 46

Longer than large intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs, breakdown of carbs, proteins, lipids, and Nucleic acid Where absorption of monomers into bloodstream occur

Question 47

Large intestine

Answer 47

All nutrients that don't get absorbed pass through here Absorbs water Has over 500 types of bacteria

Question 48

Accessory organs

Answer 48

Organs that contribute to digestion but food doesn't pass through

Question 49

Pancreas

Answer 49

Supply enzyme to the small intestine to help with breakdown

Question 50

Liver

Answer 50

Makes bile (breaks down fat)

Question 51

Gall bladder:

Answer 51

Stores bile before it reaches small intestine

Question 52

Draw carbonyl and carboxyl groups

Answer 52

Look up image

Question 53

Seven functional groups

Answer 53

``` Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydral Phosphate Methyl ```

Question 54

What is a glycerol molecule?

Answer 54

An alcohol with three carbon

Question 55

Function of a triglyceride?

Answer 55

Store energy

Question 56

Four levels of a protein structure and mini description

Answer 56

Primary: unique sequence of amino cells Secondary: parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns Tertiary: the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide Quaternary: caused by the association of subunits

Question 57

How does carbon enter a biosphere?

Answer 57

Photosynthesis