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Biology Nat 5 > Unit 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of nucleus?

A

Nucleus controls cell activities and passes on information to the next generation.

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2
Q

Which cell contains chloroplast?

A

Plant cell

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3
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the site of all biochemical reactions.

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4
Q

Which cell doesn’t have nucleus?

A

Bacterial cell.

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

Tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis.

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

where the aerobic respiration takes place and produces energy in form of ATP.

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7
Q

What structures do animal and plant cell have in common?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosome

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll which traps light energy from the sun to be used in photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Which structure contains cell sap?

A

Vacuole

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10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules of high concentration gradient to low concentration gradient and is a passive process which means it doesn’t require energy.

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11
Q

Explain why OXYGEN’S diffusion is important AND where does it take place?

A

Oxygen: needed for respiration

Takes place in: lungs/capillaries/cells/tissues

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12
Q

State TWO properties of simple sugar molecules which allow them to be absorbed from the digestive system into the blood.

A

Small and soluble

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The maintenance of chromosome complement.

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14
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Each chromosome carries information which is necessary for the growth and development of of the cells which provide the organism with all the characteristics of its own.

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15
Q

What are the stages for Mitosis:

A
  • Chromosomes become visible as a pair of chromotids.
  • Spindle fibre forms.
  • Pairs of chromotids attach to the spindle forms and align in the equator if the cell.
  • chromotids are pulled to the opposite ends of the cell.
  • The nuclear membrane forms.
  • The cytoplasm divides and and two daughter cells are formed.
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16
Q

How does mitosis ensure that the daughter cells will be able to function properly?

A

By making making sure no information is lost.

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17
Q

How many set of chromosome does diploid cell have?

A

2 (double set)

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18
Q

How many set of chromosome does haploid cell have?

A

1 (single set)

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19
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

A

Clean work surface:
Wash hands to prevent any contamination:
Sterile petri dish

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20
Q

What are cell culture requirements?

A

A sterile environment:

An appropriate growth medium that contains energy source such as glucose and nutrients for building new cells.

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21
Q

What is the method of cell division/mitosis?

A

Increasing the number of cells.

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22
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus.

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23
Q

What is gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic/protein

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24
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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25
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Units called nucleotides.

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26
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

A- Adenosine
T- Thymine
C- Cytosine
G- Guanine

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27
Q

What are the base pairing of DNA?

A

A and T
C and G
This is known is complementary base pairing.

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28
Q

How many strands are present in DNA?

A

2 strands

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29
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messenger Ribonucleic Acid

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30
Q

Whats the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA- Single strand, NOT double helix, present in cytoplasm & nucleus, bases - A, U (uracil), C and G, Number of types ->1(more than 1)
DNA- Double helix, double strand, present in nucleus, bases - A, T, G, C, number of types- 1.

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31
Q

What are proteins?

A

Organic compounds made from Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

32
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

33
Q

How many amino acids occurs naturally?

A

20

34
Q

What are each amino acids held together by?

A

Strong peptide bonds

35
Q

How many types of proteins are there and what are they?

A

2 types of protein:
Globular
Fibrous

36
Q

Globular proteins:

A

Are found in membranes surrounding the cell and membranes inside the cell as the nuclear membrane.

37
Q

Hormones:

A

Chemical messengers and are made of proteins.

38
Q

Antibodies:

A

Are Y-Shaped protein Produced by white blood cells and defend the body against disease.

39
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts- proteins that speed up chemical reactions and remain unchanged.

40
Q

What temperature does enzyme work its best at?

A

Optimum temperature

41
Q

What will happen if the enzymes active site is permanently altered due to high temperatures and extreme pH values?

A

The enzymes active site is permanently changed and no longer works. The enzyme is said to be denatured.

42
Q

Where are enzymes found?

A

Respiration

43
Q

How many substance can enzyme act on?

A

1 type - the substrate therefore enzyme is said to be specific.

44
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process by which genes/DNA are transferred from one living thing to another.

45
Q

What does genetic engineering use to make genes they would not normally make?

A

Bacterial cells

46
Q

Where can new gene be inserted into?

A

The plasmid and the bacteria then produce the protein for which the gene codes.

47
Q

What are small rings of genes called?

A

Plasmids

48
Q

Stages of genetic engineering:

A

Insulin gene identified:
Insulin gene is cut out using enzymes:
Plasmid removed from bacterial cell and is cut open:
Gene inserted into plasmid:
Plasmid inserted into bacterium:
Genetically engineered bacteria produce insulin

49
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Green plants use light energy from the sun to produce chemical energy.

50
Q

What is green pigment called traps light energy?

A

Chlorophyll

51
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

Inside the chloroplasts which are disc shaped organelles found in the leaf cell.

52
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O➡️Glucose + Oxygen

53
Q

What do plants use glucose for?

A

Some glucose used for Respiration, some converted into starch for storage, some built into long chains of cellulose.

54
Q

What are the two types of molecule present in the cell membrane?

A

Protein and Lipid

55
Q

What are the three terrestrial biomes?

A

Desert
Deciduous forest
Ice

56
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Stage 1: Photolysis

Stage 2: Carbon Fixation

57
Q

What is light energy used to split water molecules into?

A

Hydrogen

Oxygen

58
Q

What is release as a by-product?

A

Oxygen

59
Q

What is the cell process called that which uses light energy as a raw material?

A

Photosynthesis

60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration through selectively permeable membrane. Its also a passive process which means it doesn’t require any energy.

61
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules across plasma membrane from low concentration to high concentration and it requires energy in the form of ATP.

62
Q

What is the high energy molecule?

A

ATP

63
Q

Describe the use of hydrogen in carbon fixation?

A

The hydrogen and carbon dioxide combine together to produce glucose.

64
Q

Where does carbon fixation occur?

A

Chloroplasts

65
Q

What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Light Intensity
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide concentration

66
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the release of energy.

67
Q

What does cell need respiration for?

A

Mitosis
Maintaining body temperature
Building large molecules

68
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

Glucose+oxygen➡️CO2+H2O+energy

69
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

70
Q

What is cell?

A

Cell is the basic unit of life.

71
Q

What are the two stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

72
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule during each of the following stages?
Stage 1
Stage 2

A

Stage 1: 2

Stage 2: 36

73
Q

In what form is the energy lost from the cell during respiration?

A

Heat

74
Q

Word equation that represents the synthesise of ATP

A

ADP + Pi ➡️ ATP

75
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen and it involves partial breakdown of glucose.

76
Q

What type of fermentation occurs in animals?

A

Lactic acid (reversible process)

77
Q

What type of fermentation occurs in plants?

A

Alcoholic. Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. (Irreversible process)

Biology Nat 5 (3 decks)

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