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451 - Pharmacology > Unit 1: Cell > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study and function of living matter.

A

physiology

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2
Q

energy and matter being organization ?

A

LIFE

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3
Q

The internal environment is made up of extra-cellular fluid (ECF) and ______.

A

75 - 100 trillion cells

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4
Q

The internal environment is divided into _____ systems to help us organize the body according to the ______.

A 
organ
functions (jobs)
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5
Q

The organ systems are made up of different _____.

A

tissue types

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6
Q

Organ systems proper function and interaction maintain ______.

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

_____ means that conditions remain constant in the internal environment.

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

To maintain homeostasis energy is required as well as the ______ =LIFE

A

the organization of matter

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9
Q

The basic unit of life is called the _____.

A

cell

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10
Q

Most mammalian cells have a cell membrane, _____, and nucleus.

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

Cells start out all the same from a _____ which arises from a fertilized egg. Then they ______ to become specialized as a tissue type that can function within one of the organ systems. Their structure and the processes they perform allow for a specialized function.

A

bastocyst

differentiate

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12
Q

Cells start out all the same from a _____ which arises from a fertilized egg. Then they ______ to become specialized as a tissue type that can function within one of the organ systems. Their structure and the processes they perform allow for a specialized function.

A

bastocyst

differentiate

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13
Q

______ involves changing the structure (architecture) of the cell, as well as the cell’s enzymes (proteins that catalyze biochemcial processes, making them “go faster” as well the _____ (proteins, glycoproteins)

A

Differentiation

receptors

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14
Q

The structure includes the cell _________ (shape, size, specialized structures) & the receptors (specialized glycoproteins that interact with chemicals that are produced by the body, found on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, on the nucleus, or on the DNA.

A

Morphology

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15
Q

_____ are charged particles.

A

ions

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16
Q

____ are positively charged.

A

Cations

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17
Q

_____ are negatively charged

A

Anions

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18
Q

Valence are the number of ______.

A

charges

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19
Q

75-100 trillion cells + extra cellular fluid (ECF) =

A

the internal environment

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20
Q

The internal environment is divided in to ____ systems to help us organize the body according to the functions.

A

organ

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21
Q

The organ systems are made up of different ____ types.

A

tissue

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22
Q

The proper function of the organ systems and their interaction maintain _____.

A

homeostasis

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23
Q

____ means that conditions remain constant in the internal environment.

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

The basic unit of life is called the ___.

A

cell

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25
Q

Most mammalian cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a _____.

A

nucleus

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26
Q

combing power?

A

?

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27
Q

Differing amounts of electrical charges across a barrier creates an electrical system that can ____ energy. This is just like the energy stored in a battery. It is built up by the cells and then released when energy is ____.

A

store
needed
i.e. muscle contraction

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28
Q

_____ are charged particles in living systems.

A

electrolytes

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29
Q

57% of the adult body is ____.

A

water

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30
Q

The total body water (TBW) of an adult body is _____.

A

40 liters

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31
Q

The ______ divides fluid into outer and inner compartments.

A

cell membrane

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32
Q

ECF or extracellular fluid is located ____ the cell wall.

A

outside

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33
Q

15 liters TBW?

A

?

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34
Q

Extracellular fluid includes the vascular space (________) and the interstitium (space between the cells with interstitial fluid).

A

blood plasma

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35
Q

Vascular fluid (blood plasma) is moved around by the circulatory system. There is about _____ Liters in the body.

A

3

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36
Q

_____ fluid is found inside the cell.

A

intercellular fluid (ICF)

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37
Q

Blood is a combination of plasma and _____, this is different than the rest of the ECF because it has more protein (______) than the rest of the ECF.

A 
blood cell (containing ICF)
albumin
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38
Q

The extracellular fluid is made up of vascular fluid and _____.

A

Interstitial fluid (12 Liters)

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39
Q

An example is a chld’s body water is more “at risk” of loss such as with rapid dehydration in a child since most of the body water is outside the cell (______- lost through perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, etc)

A

unprotected

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40
Q

Intracellular fluid, fluid inside the cell accounts for _____ of an adult and _____ for a child. This also includes the ICF of the red and white blood cells circulating in the blood (ECF)

A

60%

40%

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41
Q

The ____ of the ECF and ICF is different due to the activity of the cell membrane and various forms of transport accomplished by the cell at the membrane interface (moving molecules/ions around)

A

composition

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42
Q

Whats found in the ECF?

A 
Na+
HCO3-
Cl-
nutrients
glucose
albumin
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43
Q

Whats found in the ICF?

A

K+
PO4-
anions (including proteins with negatives charges)

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44
Q

Energy and Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is mostly made in the cell organelle (little organ) called the _____.

A

mitochondria

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45
Q

The purpose of homeostasis is to maintain optimal PH (the amount of acid or base in the water), membrane electrical charges, and _____.

A

temperature

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46
Q

Maintain the pH of the internal environment at a pH of _____.

A

7.40

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47
Q

Maintaining the pH of the internal environment is essential for the chemical reactions of life to ____.

A

proceed normally

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48
Q

Maintaining the pH of the internal environment of the body is needed so that _____ and temperature can work properly.

A

enzymes

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49
Q

Maintaining this optimal acid-base environment requires _____ that resist a change in pH when acid or base is added. Chemicals in the solution “_____” either the acid or alkali.

A

buffers

absorb

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50
Q

The three main buffer systems in our body:

A

chemical buffers
respiratory system buffer
renal buffers

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51
Q

add cards about buffers

A

? pg 6

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52
Q

Proteins are also called _____.

A

polypeptides

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53
Q

______ bring substances (substrates) together speed up chemical reactions between them to create products (ATPase, amylase) all their names end in -ase

A

enzymes

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54
Q

Hormones and ______ are synthesized in a gland and released to the bloodstream to have actions elsewhere in the body (e.g. insulin) OR synthesized by a cell and released to have local effects on neighboring cells

A

messengers

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55
Q

______ proteins make up the structural components of the body (osteoid in bone, collage in skin)

A

structural

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56
Q

_____ proteins have a special function in the body (hemoglobin)

A

functional

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57
Q

_____ proteins are carrier molecules

A

transporter

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58
Q

_____ proteins are alone or combines with carbs and therefore called glycoproteines that exist inside the cells and on cell membranes and help regulate cell processes by responding to chemical messengers from the bloodstream or from within the cell.

A

receptors

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59
Q

_____ proteins are substances that serve special functions (i.e. visual pigments)

A

special substances

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60
Q

Most buffering takes place inside our _____.

A

red blood cells

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61
Q

Whenever we say carbon dioxide (CO2) we are saying ____ because of the relation above.

A

acid

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62
Q

Respiratory system “buffer” is sometimes called a _____.

A

physcial buffer

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63
Q

Pulmonary ventilation removes ____, which is more an excretory process than a buffering.

A

CO2

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64
Q

CO2 (carbon dioxide) is considered to be a _______ gas acid; we blow off CO2 when we exhale.

A

volatile

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65
Q

CO2 is an _____ because of the carbonic anhydrase reaction.

A

acid

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66
Q

______ buffers are also called a metabolic buffer and is more powerful than respiratory action.

A

renal

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67
Q

The kidneys can excrete either acid or _____ urine as needed, in titratable amounts. Thus the acid excretion would be a fixed(titrable) acid excretion in water.

A

alkaline

68
Q

The inside of the cell is ___. The outside of the cell is _____. This sets up a voltage difference which is stored energy that can be released on demand.

A

negative

positive

69
Q

Maintaining the optimum temperature for cellular processes are important for enzyme action (which are proteins) - ____ varies with temperature.

A

reaction rate

70
Q

Maintaining the optimum temperature for cellular processes are important for other proteins - they may ______ or break apart if temperature isn’t optimal.

A

coagulate

71
Q

Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, each cell is capable of maintaining its won vitality and cell can _____ only from other cells.

A

arise

72
Q

Eukaryotes have a _____ nucleus.

A

defined

73
Q

Prokaryotes have _____ nucleus

A

no well defined

74
Q

Functions of cells

A 
movement
conductivity
respiration
reproduction
excretion
secretion
metabolic absorption
75
Q

Cell components include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ____.

A

various organelles

76
Q

the plasma membrane surrounds the cell and _____.

A

organelles

77
Q

The plasma membrane is formed of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins in a ______.

A

lipid bilayer

78
Q

The hydrophilic heads face the ____ and _____.

A

ECF and ICF.

79
Q

The hydrophobic tails comprimising the inner sandwich of the ____.

A

lipid bilayer

80
Q

Proteins found in the cell membrane

A

integral
peripheral
transmembrane

81
Q

Integral proteins are more on the _____.

A

inside

82
Q

Peripheral proteins are more towards the ___ of the cell.

A

outside

83
Q

Transmembrane proteins are in the _____ of the cell membrane.

A

middle

84
Q

A function of the plasma membrane is ____ in which receptors interact with molecules.

A

recognition

85
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

transport
enzymes on cell membrane
ion channels

86
Q

The structure of the lipid bilayer membrane results in _______.

A

selective permeability

87
Q

_____ can freely pass through the pores of the membrane.

A

water

88
Q

____ are the same as the phopholipids, so they melt right into the membrane and are not stopped. and lipid soluable substances.

A

lipids

89
Q

____ can freely pass through the plasma membrane.

A

gases

90
Q

Most _____ particles (ions) cannot pass freely through the plasma membrane.

A

charged

91
Q

Most _____ substances (proteins, carbohydrate - mainly any non-lipid substance) cannot pass freely through the plasma membrane.

A

water soluble

92
Q

The ______ is the largest organelle.

A

nucleus

93
Q

The nucleus has a ______ (membrane)

A

nuclear envelope

94
Q

The nucleus contains _____ (DNA)

A

chromosomes

95
Q

The nucleus contains nucleolus where active DNA is being read and where ______ are made.

A

ribosome

96
Q

______ are RNA protein complexes are made in nucleolus and sent to cytoplasm.

A

Ribosomes

97
Q

_____ are where proteins are made from blueprint of DNA (mRNA), exist in cytoplasm or on endoplasmic reticulum membrane

A

ribsomes

98
Q

Endoplasmic reticululm is a membrane factory to synthesize _____ (such as proteins, lipids, etc)

A

cell products

99
Q

____ ER has ribosomes on it (synthesize proteins)

A

rought

100
Q

_____ ER has no ribosomes (synthesizes hormones, lipids, and detoxify cells)

A

smooth

101
Q

The ________ joins the cell membrane that surrounds the cell and the nuclear membrane.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

The ______ processes and bundles macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.

A

golgi apparatus

103
Q

The ______ are nasty enzymes hydrolases (digestive enzymes) inside vesicles.

A

lysosomes

104
Q

Many clinical correlations to ______ because of storage disease.

A

lysosomes

105
Q

_____ are organelles that use the oxidative processes.

A

peroxisomes

106
Q

____ are the energy factory of the cell.

A

mitchondria

107
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation to produce ______ from oxidative respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

A

ATP

108
Q

The _____ contains that protein microtubules and fillaments for cell shape, cilia, and form the centriole of cellular division/reproduction.

A

cytoskeleton

109
Q

Protein molecules on cell membranes, in cytoplasm on nuclear membrane, and on DNA are reffered to as _____.

A

cellular receptors

110
Q

Cellular receptors can recognize and bind _____.

A

ligands

111
Q

A _____ is any substance that bind to a receptor.

A

ligand

112
Q

Some ligands are messengers such as hormones or ______.

A

neurotransmitters

113
Q

A _____ can also be drugs, infectious agents, volatiles (gases), antigens.

A

ligand

114
Q

Some ligands are involved with “second messenger system” where the original chemical messenger creates a second chemical inside the cell that does the _____ of changing the cell’s physiology.

A

actual work

115
Q

Protein molecules embedded in the cell membrane are receptors that respond to chemical _____(any chemical that can interact with a receptor)

A

ligands

116
Q

When a chemical interacts with a receptor this interaction is called _______, since the chemicals are coming from outside the cell and will change the cell’s physiology.

A

signaling

117
Q

Usually, the interaction with the receptor usually results in some change within the cell’s physiology and may result in the ______. In this case, the first ligand is the first messenger and the chemical created inside the cell is the second messenger - this is what the cell responds to.

A

formation of another (second) chemical

118
Q

A ligand can be _______ which means coming from outside of the body, like a drug.

A

exogenous

119
Q

A ligand can be ______ which means created within the body, like a hormone)

A

endogenous

120
Q

Therapeutic targets can increase this activity by increasing ______ activity using receptor agonist drugs.

A

receptor

121
Q

Therapeutic targets can increase this activity by reducing degradation _____ inhibitor drugs.

A

enzyme

122
Q

Cells can affect each other by a variety of ____.

A

methods

123
Q

_____ are proteins of each cell membrane that are directly linked and thus, all of each of the linked cells are also metabolically linked.

A

gap junctions

124
Q

Chemicals are secreted and travel to one or more cells far away from the original cell which is called ________.

A

remote signaling

125
Q

These chemicals use a variety of receptor mechanisms on the receiving cell’s plasma membrane _____.

A

receptor proteins

126
Q

Types of signaling pathways

A

endocrine pathways
paracrine pathways
synaptic pathways

127
Q

In the _____ pathways hormones travel through the bloodstream to affect remote cells.

A

endocrine

i.e. insulin affecting all cells of the body, sent out by pancreatic islet cells

128
Q

In the _____ path contract signaling by local chemical transmitters. Local chemical mediators affect local cells and then are destroyed or somehow inactivated.

A

paracine

i.e. histamine release by mast cells affect capillary endothelial cells of blood vessels, causing edema

129
Q

In the ___ path neurotransmitters (NTs) are released at chemical synapses.

A

synaptic

i.e. acetylcholine at nerve-muscle junction (nerve firing causes muscle contraction)

130
Q

____ is building up, storage, synthesis of new matter, growth.

A

anabolism

131
Q

_____ is breaking down, utilizing stored materials, deriving energy for life.

A

catabolism

132
Q

____ is what the enzymes are working on.

A

substrate

133
Q

____ are proteins that make these biochemical processes go faster

A

enzymes

134
Q

_____ is the final result of metabolic pathways.

A

final product

135
Q

Genetic _____ prevents the production of a necessary enzyme in a metabolic pathway. If there is no other pathway able to replace what is missing, then _____ because the final product is missing or there is a build up of toxicity.

A

mutations

disease results

136
Q

Many genetic disorders are tested for in the neonate with routine neonatal testing mandated by the state called a ____.

A

heel stick

137
Q

There are three types of treatments for inborn errors of metabolism that result in genetic mutations.

A

restrict chemical foodstuffs that will result in the buildup of toxic intermediate metabolites

replace the missing enzyme

gene therapy

138
Q

With Pompe disease the approach is to _______ the missing enzyme, where the genetic mutation results in lack of alpha-glucosidase, a drug can be used as infusion to replace the missing enzyme.

A

replace

139
Q

Gene therapy is delivering a healthy ____ to the body’s cells so that the necessary substances can be made.

A

gene

140
Q

Digestion occurs in the ____ system.

A

gastrointestinal

141
Q

Digestion involves ____ nutrients into building block units using enzymes.

A

breaking down

142
Q

Digestion occurs in the _____.

A

gut

143
Q

The purpose of gut digestion is to achieve small molecules that can be brought into ____.

A

teh cell

144
Q

Proteins ar broken down into _____.

A

amino acids

145
Q

Polysaccharides are broken down into ___.

A

simple sugars

146
Q

____ are broken down into fatty acids & glycerol.

A

Fats

147
Q

Digestion continues to occur inside the cell and is called ______.

A

cellular respiration

148
Q

Respiration is digestion ____ the cell.

A

inside

149
Q

____ is breathing in and out of our lungs.

A

ventilation

150
Q

Cellular respiration is often called _____ by the layperson.

A

metabolism

151
Q

In cellular respiration chemical energy is released from the breakdown of ______ in nutrients.

A

chemical bonds

152
Q

cytochromes?

A

?

153
Q

Passive transport requires _____ energy expenditure.

A

no

154
Q

Active transport requires _____ energy expenditure.

A

there be

155
Q

Solute is the ____ in the liquid.

A

stuff

156
Q

Solvent is the _____ of the solution.

A

liquid

157
Q

Aliquot means the _____.

A

portion of liquid

158
Q

Vesicles are created from cell membrane and pinch off to move large amounts of material inside of the cell which is called _______.

A

endocytosis

i.e. extra water, vitamin B12

159
Q

Vesicles are created from cell membrane and pinch off to move large amounts of material outside of the cell called ______.

A

exocytosis

i.e. waste, proteins

160
Q

Ligand binding causes a change in the receptor that is actually a change in its physical shape called a ______ change that is called receptor activation.

A

conformational

161
Q

An ____ substance will activate a receptor.

A

agonist

162
Q

An ____ substance will prevent receptor activation. May physically block the receptor or prevent activation in another way.

A

antagonist

163
Q

All cells have many receptors. Research and development of new drugs often targets ______ and enzyme systems.

A

receptors

164
Q

The more we know about basic science, we now have _____ for phamacologic interventions.

A

therapeutic targets

165
Q

Many drugs exert their pharmacologic action via receptor activation or _____.

A

inactivation

166
Q

The muscle paralyzing effects of succinylcholine occur because this drug ________ for binding sites with the endogenous agonist acetylcholine, thus preventing normal depolarization of muscle cells. This is useful to induce surgical paralysis for anesthesia and intubation.

A

competes

451 - Pharmacology (6 decks)

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