Unit 1 - Biology Flashcards
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Remember –> PMAT
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What are the stages of interphase?
- G1 “Gap”: when each chromosome has 1 chromatid. It is the time when the cell grows and performs its normal function.
- S “Synthesis”: DNA is replicated, having one chromatid to having 2 chromatids held together at the centromere.
- G2: The chromosome has 2 chromatids, and the cell is getting ready to divide.
What is cytokinesis?
Process in telophase = equal division of cytoplasm.
Where do cells spend more time in? Interphase or Mitosis?
Interphase
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
Benign: NOT CANCEROUS - do not affect surrounding tissue other than by physically crowding them, do not spread
Malignant: CANCEROUS - interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells and tissues,
can spread
How does a normal cell comapre to a cancerous cell?
Unlike regular cells, cancer cells continue to divide and disregard any signals to stop growing. They fail to follow the p53 gene and they are immortal.
State the levels of organization
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the function of the digestive system?
Breaking down food substances into smaller particles to help our bodies absorb nutrients, as well as to help eliminate waste.
What are the parts of the digestive system?
- Mouth = Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion (starch breakdown)
- Esophagus = peristalsis - smooth muscle contractions
- Stomach = mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical digestion (HCL, pepsin)
- Small intestine = Absorption of nutrients with the help of the villi
- Large intestine = Reabsorbs water, forms solid waste and makes vitamin K
- Liver = makes bile (fat breakdown)
- Pancreas = makes insulin, and enzymes (amylase) CFP
- Gall bladder = stores bile
“esophageal” or “cardiac” sphincter = prevents acid reflux - food coming up from the stomach into esophagus
pyloric sphincter = controls amount of food moving into the small intestine from the stomach (BOTTOM)
What is an accessory organ in the digestive system? Name examples.
Organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested.
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
What does the flow of air look like?
- Nasal/Oral Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Branchioles
- Alveoli
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Helps us breathe and stay alive. Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
What are the parts of the respiratory system and their functions?
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
Right Bronchus
Left Bronchus
Bronchiole
Right Lung
Left Lung
Alveoli
Diaphragm
What are some diseases affecting the digestive system?
Lactose Intolerance - It is when the body is not capable of digesting lactose (a sugar in milk and other dairy products.)
Chron’s disease - it’s a form of inflammatory bowel disease. It leads to swelling in the digestive tract. Inflammation of the digestive tract tissue.
Celiac - no gluten
What are some diseases affecting the respiratory system?
Pneumonia - infection that causes the air sacs in the lungs to become inflamed, the alveoli fill with fluid/pus.
Bronchitis - Infection in the bronchi which makes them englamed and irritated
Asthma - Airways are inflamed, inhaler is needed
What is the function of the circulatory system?
Delivers nutrients (from digestive system) or oxygenated blood (from respiratory system) to all parts of the body.
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Right + Left Pulmonary artery
Right + left pulmonary vein
Right + left atrium
Right + left ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Inferior vena cava
mitral valve
aortic valve
How do veins compare to arteries?
Veins
- carry deoxygenated blood
- have valves
- larger opening, thin walls
- brings blood to the heart
- blood is drawn
Arteries
- carry oxygenated blood
- no valves
- smaller opening, thick walls
- brings blood away from the heart
- measures blood pressure
What is a tendon?
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
What is a ligament?
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells - carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells - Help fight infections
Platelets - Help clot wounds, prevent/stop bleeding
Plasma - carries dissolved nutrients, rids waste and helps body recover
What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?
Plant cell - has a boxier shape, a cell wall, a large vacuole
Animal cell - irregular shape/rounder, no cell wall
What is angiogenesis?
The process of developing a system of
small arteries and veins to supply the tumor.
What is metastasis?
Cancer cells may break away from the original
tumour and move to a different part of the body. If the cells settle and grow in this new location, a new tumour (secondary tumour) will form.
