Unit 1 - Biology

Question 1

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Answer 1

Remember –> PMAT
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase

Question 2

What are the stages of interphase?

Answer 2

• G1 “Gap”: when each chromosome has 1 chromatid. It is the time when the cell grows and performs its normal function.
• S “Synthesis”: DNA is replicated, having one chromatid to having 2 chromatids held together at the centromere.
• G2: The chromosome has 2 chromatids, and the cell is getting ready to divide.

Question 3

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 3

Process in telophase = equal division of cytoplasm.

Question 4

Where do cells spend more time in? Interphase or Mitosis?

Answer 4

Interphase

Question 5

What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

Answer 5

Benign: NOT CANCEROUS - do not affect surrounding tissue other than by physically crowding them, do not spread

Malignant: CANCEROUS - interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells and tissues,
can spread

Question 6

How does a normal cell comapre to a cancerous cell?

Answer 6

Unlike regular cells, cancer cells continue to divide and disregard any signals to stop growing. They fail to follow the p53 gene and they are immortal.

Question 7

State the levels of organization

Answer 7

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 8

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 8

Breaking down food substances into smaller particles to help our bodies absorb nutrients, as well as to help eliminate waste.

Question 9

What are the parts of the digestive system?

Answer 9

• Mouth = Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion (starch breakdown)
• Esophagus = peristalsis - smooth muscle contractions
• Stomach = mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical digestion (HCL, pepsin)
• Small intestine = Absorption of nutrients with the help of the villi
• Large intestine = Reabsorbs water, forms solid waste and makes vitamin K
• Liver = makes bile (fat breakdown)
• Pancreas = makes insulin, and enzymes (amylase) CFP
• Gall bladder = stores bile

“esophageal” or “cardiac” sphincter = prevents acid reflux - food coming up from the stomach into esophagus
pyloric sphincter = controls amount of food moving into the small intestine from the stomach (BOTTOM)

Question 10

What is an accessory organ in the digestive system? Name examples.

Answer 10

Organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested.
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder

Question 11

What does the flow of air look like?

Answer 11

1. Nasal/Oral Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Branchioles
7. Alveoli

Question 12

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 12

Helps us breathe and stay alive. Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.

Question 13

What are the parts of the respiratory system and their functions?

Answer 13

Nose
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
Right Bronchus
Left Bronchus
Bronchiole
Right Lung
Left Lung
Alveoli
Diaphragm

Question 14

What are some diseases affecting the digestive system?

Answer 14

Lactose Intolerance - It is when the body is not capable of digesting lactose (a sugar in milk and other dairy products.)

Chron’s disease - it’s a form of inflammatory bowel disease. It leads to swelling in the digestive tract. Inflammation of the digestive tract tissue.

Celiac - no gluten

Question 15

What are some diseases affecting the respiratory system?

Answer 15

Pneumonia - infection that causes the air sacs in the lungs to become inflamed, the alveoli fill with fluid/pus.

Bronchitis - Infection in the bronchi which makes them englamed and irritated

Asthma - Airways are inflamed, inhaler is needed

Question 16

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 16

Delivers nutrients (from digestive system) or oxygenated blood (from respiratory system) to all parts of the body.

Question 17

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 17

Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Right + Left Pulmonary artery
Right + left pulmonary vein
Right + left atrium
Right + left ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Inferior vena cava
mitral valve
aortic valve

Question 18

How do veins compare to arteries?

Answer 18

Veins
- carry deoxygenated blood
- have valves
- larger opening, thin walls
- brings blood to the heart
- blood is drawn

Arteries
- carry oxygenated blood
- no valves
- smaller opening, thick walls
- brings blood away from the heart
- measures blood pressure

Question 19

What is a tendon?

Answer 19

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Question 20

What is a ligament?

Answer 20

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Question 21

What are the components of blood?

Answer 21

Red blood cells - carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

White blood cells - Help fight infections

Platelets - Help clot wounds, prevent/stop bleeding

Plasma - carries dissolved nutrients, rids waste and helps body recover

Question 22

What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?

Answer 22

Plant cell - has a boxier shape, a cell wall, a large vacuole
Animal cell - irregular shape/rounder, no cell wall

Question 23

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 23

The process of developing a system of
small arteries and veins to supply the tumor.

Question 24

What is metastasis?

Answer 24

Cancer cells may break away from the original
tumour and move to a different part of the body. If the cells settle and grow in this new location, a new tumour (secondary tumour) will form.

Question 25

What is the function of the nervous system?

Answer 25

allows your body to respond to the outside world and the internal environment

Question 26

What are the two nervous systems?

Answer 26

Central Nervous System (CNS)
–> Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
–> Nerves that connect the body with the CNS

Question 27

What are the parts of a neuron?

Answer 27

Dendrites: carry signals from outside the neuron toward the cell body

Myelin sheath: is a fatty white tissue that acts like insulation preventing electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neuron and allowing impulses to travel quickly

Axon: carries impulses from the cell body to other cells.

Terminal knobs: attach the neuron to other
cells or to muscle for action

Question 28

What is an illness that affects the nervous system?

Answer 28

Multiple Sclerosis - malfunction of the immune system where the body destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons.