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Biology > Unit 1-Biological Molecules Keywords > Flashcards

Unit 1-Biological Molecules Keywords Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define dipole

A

A molecule made up of 2 unequal electrical charges,e.g. water

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2
Q

Define polar molecules

A

Molecules that have one charge slightly negative and the other is slightly positive

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3
Q

Define primary protein structure

A

A linear peptide sequence

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4
Q

Metabolite

A

Chemical molecule involved in metabolism (cellular chemical reactions)

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5
Q

Define polypeptide bond

A

Bond made between carbon and nitrogen in proteins that repeats to build of chain of proteins

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6
Q

What is the R group mean in a protein?

A

Variable group-this determines the end protein

20 different variants

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7
Q

What is an amino group?

A

One end of a protein, made up of 2 Hydrogens bonded to a nitrogen

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8
Q

Define monomer and polymer

A

Monomer-smallest unit of a molecule

Polymer-chains made up of monomers

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9
Q

Carboxyl group

A

Group of atoms containing a CO(double bond) and OH

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10
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Reaction that breaks polymers down by adding water

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11
Q

Define 1,4 glycosidic bond

A

A bond made by carbon no. 1 and 4 joining during a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

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12
Q

Define simple sugar

A

A non complex carbohydrate that breaks down easily

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13
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Biological molecules that are used for cellular structure and energy

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14
Q

Define a 1,6 glycosidic bond

A

A bond made by carbon no.s 1 and 6 joining during a condensation treaction between 2 monosaccharides

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15
Q

Define tertiary protein structure

A

2ndry structure made 3D by folding

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16
Q

What’s the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

CH2O

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17
Q

Define secondary protein structure

A

Structure made up of repeating chain patterns like the alpha helix and beta sheets

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18
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Protein +another molecule

E.g. haemoglobin

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19
Q

Define macromolecule

A

Big molecule made via polymerisation

20
Q

What does DNA’s non-overlapping nature means?

A

Each base codes for only one codon

21
Q

Define surface tension

A

The molecules at the surface have stronger bonds than air+water ones

22
Q

What is an amino group?

A

Group of atoms made up of nitrogen and 2 hydrogens at one of an amino acid

23
Q

What is a triplet code?

A

A sequence of 3 amino acids

24
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

The 3 bases on te tRNA that are complementary to a specific mRNA codon

25
Q

Define reducing and non reducing sugars

A

Reducing sugars: sugars that have a free aldehyde/ ketone that gives electrons away. This changes the colour and taste
Non reducing sugars: sugars that don’t have a free aldehyde/ ketone

26
Q

Define oligosaccharides

A

Molecules with 3-10 sugar units

27
Q

Define a gene

A

One sequence of DNA bases that determines the protein coding

28
Q

Saturated fat

A

A fat with the most H molecules possible

29
Q

Define quaternary protein structure

A

Structure made up of 1 or more tertiary proteins in a specific arrangement

30
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

Proteins joined with another molecule

31
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A fat with the least amount of H molecules possible

32
Q

Define disulphide bond

A

Strong covalent bond made between 2 cysteine amino acids, via oxidation

33
Q

What is an ‘intron’?

A

Part of the DNA that doesn’t code for proteins

34
Q

What does hydrophobic interaction mean?

A

Polar head/side chains face the cytosol outside; non-polar chain/tails inside

35
Q

Define a non-overlapping sequence

A

A sequence of bases that = 1 codon only

36
Q

Define covalent bonding

A

Bonding between two non-metals that share electrons

37
Q

Define sense and antisense DNA

A

Sense-the DNA strand that has the code for proteins

Antisense-the strand that’s the template for mRNA

38
Q

What is a codon?

A

A unit of 3 DNA/RNA bases

39
Q

Define a solvent

A

Substance that solutes dissolve in

40
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A DNA molecule that is cooled around 8 proteins and carries 1000s of genes

41
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

A factor that increases the risk of genetic mutation

42
Q

What does translocation mean?

A

When large/whole parts of a chromosome are swapped around/lost

43
Q

What’s a metabolic pathway/chain?

A

Means that metabolism happens in a set of stages

44
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Means only 1 base has changed/ mutated

46
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic-reaction making products
Catabolic-reaction breaking substances down
Together they = metabolism

Biology (5 decks)

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