Unit 1: Biochemistry Flashcards
Properties of water
- cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
- high specific heat
3.universal solvent
Properties of Carbon
- Tetravalence = 4 bonds
2.hydrocarbons c and H release energy
3.Structural isomer - differed in covalent arrangement of atoms - Geometric isomer - differs in spacial arrangement of atoms
- enantiomer - mirror image of 4 molecules attached to the asymmetric carbon
Types of isomers
- structural -
- Geometric -
- Enantiomer -
Functional groups (list)
- hydroxyl -OH: polar
- methyl -CH3: nonpolar
- carboxyl -COOH: polar
- carbonyl -COH: polar
- amino -NH2: polar
- sulfhydryl -SH: nonpolar
- phosphate -PO4: polar
Carbohydrates (CHO)
- monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages
- quick energy storage, structure protection
Lipids (CHO + P)
- fatty acids held by ester linkages
- hydrophobic, saturated/unsaturated, hormones
Nucleic Acids (CHON)
- nucleotides held by phosphodiester H-bonds
- enable reproduction, control protein synthesis
Proteins (CHON)
- amino acids held by peptide bonds
- follow varied instructions from DNA
Purines
- nitrogenous bases with a double-ring
- contains more energy
- Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
- nitrogenous bases with a single-ring
- contains less energy
- Thymine (DNA Only)
- Uracil (RNA only)
- Cytosine (RNA and DNA)
Acid
Increases H+ in solution
Base
reduces H+ in solution
pH equation
=-log[H+]
Hyrdoxyl function
tends to make things more soluble in water
- Makes alchohol
methyl function
highly stable, typically unreactive in presence of strong acids or bases
carboxyl function
multifaced, biological acid, tends to form organic acids
(carboxylic acids)
carbonyl function
the site of enzymatic c-c bond breaking/making
- Ketone
amino function
biological base maintains 3D structure of large molecules, defines base pairs in nucleic acids
(amines)
sulfhydryl function
form disulfide bonds, enzymatic properties
(thiols)
dehydration synthesis
make polymers
A + B = AB + H2)
Phosphate function
regulation, energy, structure
Hydrolysis
breakdown polymers
AB + H20 = A + B
how to tell if something is an aldehyde
if it has an Oxygen double bonded to the carbon backbone
how to tell if something is a ketone
there is a hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl group
when are lipids liquid at room temperature?
when a double bond occurs in the carbon backbone
What makes a solution a donor
if it is an acid
What is hypertonic
has a higher solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration
what makes a solution a receptor
if it is a basic
What is hypotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
What direction does water flow?
from hypertonic to hypotonic
primary phase of protein bonding
amino (AA) sequence occur to make AA peptide bonds
secondary
gains 3d shape by H-bonding - alpha helix and beta sheated
tertiary
bonding between side chains of amino acids- h-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges
quartenary
2+ polypeptides bonded together
