Unit 1: Biochemistry

Question 1

Properties of water

Answer 1

1. cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
2. high specific heat
   3.universal solvent

Question 2

Properties of Carbon

Answer 2

1. Tetravalence = 4 bonds
   2.hydrocarbons c and H release energy
   3.Structural isomer - differed in covalent arrangement of atoms
2. Geometric isomer - differs in spacial arrangement of atoms
3. enantiomer - mirror image of 4 molecules attached to the asymmetric carbon

Question 3

Types of isomers

Answer 3

1. structural -
2. Geometric -
3. Enantiomer -

Question 4

Functional groups (list)

Answer 4

1. hydroxyl -OH: polar
2. methyl -CH3: nonpolar
3. carboxyl -COOH: polar
4. carbonyl -COH: polar
5. amino -NH2: polar
6. sulfhydryl -SH: nonpolar
7. phosphate -PO4: polar

Question 5

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Answer 5

• monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages
• quick energy storage, structure protection

Question 6

Lipids (CHO + P)

Answer 6

• fatty acids held by ester linkages
• hydrophobic, saturated/unsaturated, hormones

Question 7

Nucleic Acids (CHON)

Answer 7

• nucleotides held by phosphodiester H-bonds
• enable reproduction, control protein synthesis

Question 8

Proteins (CHON)

Answer 8

• amino acids held by peptide bonds
• follow varied instructions from DNA

Question 9

Purines

Answer 9

• nitrogenous bases with a double-ring
• contains more energy
• Adenine and Guanine

Question 10

Pyrimidines

Answer 10

• nitrogenous bases with a single-ring
• contains less energy
• Thymine (DNA Only)
• Uracil (RNA only)
• Cytosine (RNA and DNA)

Question 11

Acid

Answer 11

Increases H+ in solution

Question 12

Base

Answer 12

reduces H+ in solution

Question 13

pH equation

Answer 13

=-log[H+]

Question 14

Hyrdoxyl function

Answer 14

tends to make things more soluble in water
- Makes alchohol

Question 15

methyl function

Answer 15

highly stable, typically unreactive in presence of strong acids or bases

Question 16

carboxyl function

Answer 16

multifaced, biological acid, tends to form organic acids
(carboxylic acids)

Question 17

carbonyl function

Answer 17

the site of enzymatic c-c bond breaking/making
- Ketone

Question 18

amino function

Answer 18

biological base maintains 3D structure of large molecules, defines base pairs in nucleic acids
(amines)

Question 19

sulfhydryl function

Answer 19

form disulfide bonds, enzymatic properties
(thiols)

Question 20

dehydration synthesis

Answer 20

make polymers
A + B = AB + H2)

Question 21

Phosphate function

Answer 21

regulation, energy, structure

Question 22

Hydrolysis

Answer 22

breakdown polymers
AB + H20 = A + B

Question 23

how to tell if something is an aldehyde

Answer 23

if it has an Oxygen double bonded to the carbon backbone

Question 24

how to tell if something is a ketone

Answer 24

there is a hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl group

Question 25

when are lipids liquid at room temperature?

Answer 25

when a double bond occurs in the carbon backbone

Question 26

What makes a solution a donor

Answer 26

if it is an acid

Question 26

What is hypertonic

Answer 26

has a higher solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration

Question 26

what makes a solution a receptor

Answer 26

if it is a basic

Question 27

What is hypotonic

Answer 27

having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Question 27

What direction does water flow?

Answer 27

from hypertonic to hypotonic

Question 28

primary phase of protein bonding

Answer 28

amino (AA) sequence occur to make AA peptide bonds

Question 29

secondary

Answer 29

gains 3d shape by H-bonding - alpha helix and beta sheated

Question 30

tertiary

Answer 30

bonding between side chains of amino acids- h-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges

Question 31

quartenary

Answer 31

2+ polypeptides bonded together