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Advanced Biology > Unit 1: Biochem - Macromolecules > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biochem - Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of proteins

A 
Repair/Maintenance
Transportation/Storage
Energy
Hormones
Enzymes
Antibodies
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2
Q

Peptide Bond

A
  • Carboxyl group on one reacts with amine group, releasing water molecule
  • Only found between amino acids
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3
Q

Primary structure

A

Specific sequence of AA’s, determined by nucleotides

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4
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • α helix/β pleated sheet
  • Three dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain -
  • Formed by H bonds between amine group of AA, carboxyl group of other
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5
Q

Motifs

A

Recognizable combinations of secondary structure

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6
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Final folded shape of polypeptide, formed by interactions between R groups
Disulfide bridges

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7
Q

Disulfide bridges

A
  • Sulfhydryl groups of two cysteine monomers are brought closer together by the folding of the proteins
  • Sulfur of one cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second
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8
Q

Quaternary structure

A
  • Aggregation of two polypeptide subunits
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9
Q

Denaturation

A

Unfolds proteins

Breaks s-s bonds, h-bonds, LDF’s, ionic bonds via HYDROLYSIS

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10
Q

Chaperonins

A

Folds misfolded proteins using ATP

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11
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL causes of denaturation

A

Heat
pH - H+ sticks to R groups messes up charge of amino acid
Salt - Same
Solvent - Non polar solvents screw up hydrophilic/hydrophobic ends

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12
Q 
Carb Basics
(Function, structure)
A

CH2O

- Short term energy storage (4 kCal/gram)

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13
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A
  • Between two monosaccharides
  • Uses dehydration synthesis
  • α 1-4 linages, α 1-6 linkages
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14
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Different atoms connected (most different of isomers)

Glucose-Aldose + Fructose-Keytose

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15
Q

Stereoisomers

Geometric/Enantiomers

A

Stereo isomers - Same atoms connected, different shape
Geometric - Have double bonds, or rings
Enantiomers - Mirror Images

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16
Q

Chiral Carbon

A

carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms

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17
Q

Starch basics

Function, Properties, Structure

A
  • Short term energy storage in plants
  • Polar + Hydrophilic
  • Not soluble because or size
  • instead, amylase hydrolyzes alpha 1-4 bonds in starch
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18
Q

Short term energy storage in animals

A

Glycogen

Liver + muscle

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19
Q

Cellulose basics

Function, Structure

A
  • Found in plant cell walls and algae
  • Monomer is B glucose (OH above C)
  • Flipping glucose allows for hydrogen bonding between forming lattice
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20
Q

Cellulose is broken down by

A

Cellulase - breaks B 1-4 bonds, leaving us with glucose!

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21
Q

Fiber

A

Undigested cellulose!

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22
Q

Chitin

A
  • Structure in arthropod exoskeletons, fungi, cell walls
  • Monomer - N-acetyl glucosamine
  • B bonds 1-4, H bonds, and others between linear chains
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23
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • Bacterial/Prokaryote cell walls

- CHN Monomer with cross linked peptide chain attached

24
Q

Lipid Basics

Structure, Properties

A

C, H, O, Sometimes P

- Non-polar, don’t dissolve in water

25
Fats | Functions, structure
- Triacylglycerols/Triglycerides - Long term energy storage - 9kcal/g - Insulation and cushioning - 3 Fatty acids + glycerol through ester linkage - Common in animals, some plants (avocados, seeds)
26
Why do fats have so much energy?
- Non-polar bonds are stable, hard to break, release a lot of energy - More energy and weigh less than carbs bc of molecular formula - Always more H than O, H weighs less 1:16
27
Monomer of a lipid
NO MONOMER OF A FAT LIPID
28
Ester linkage
Dehydration synthesis to bond glycerol to fatty acid | leaves O and CO
29
Saturated
No double bonds, max number of H, STICKS
30
Unsaturated
At least one double bond along fatty acid chain, fewer H
31
Fatty Acids
12-20 carbons long | 3 fatty acids per fat molecule
32
Omega
C=C closest to the left | Essential fatty acids - must be consumed cause your body can't make a bond in that specific place
33
Fats = Fatty acids?
NO | fats are larger, more LDF's hold together better
34
Trans Fats
- People wanted spreadable oils - hydrolyze oils to make solid - Trans configuration
35
Hydrolization
Addition of hydrogen to make unsat - sat
36
Cis/Trans
Cis - Functional group on same sides of carbon chain | Trans - Functional group on opposing sides
37
Phospholipids
- Make up membranes - Hydrophobic tail / Hydrophilic Head - Head is phosphate group and glycerol - One unsaturated fatty acid tail, one saturated - Tails connected by ester bonds
38
Amphipathic
One part hydrophobic, One hydrophilic
39
Steroids
- 3 Hexagons, one pentagon, made of C + H - Non-polar - Rigid - Each defined by their chemical structure
40
Cholesterol
- Precursor for other steroids | - In plasma membranes for structure
41
Last group of lipids
Not fats, phospholipids, or steroids, | Terpane (citronella)
42
Nucleic Acid Basics | Structure, Functions
CHONP - Monomer: Nuctleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds - Catalyze reactions as RNA - Energy transfer - ATP - Structural purposes
43
Nucleotide
Phosphate group, pentose, nitrogenous base
44
Phosphodiester bond
Dehydration synthesis between phosphate group and 3 carbon
45
Purines/Pyrimidines
Purines - Double ring - Adenin, Guanine | Pyrimidines - Single ring - Cytosine, thymine, Uracil
46
Nitrogenous base bonds
``` A = T/U C = G ```
47
Strand 5 VS. 3
- Phosphate group on strand 5 - Hydroxyl group on strand 3 - Oxygen always points towards 5
48
RNA
- Ribose, ACGU, single stranded, inconsistent shape - Can h bond if in correct shape (TRNA) rRNA - Ribosomes Ribozymes - Catalyze reactions mRNA - Transfer of info
49
DNA
- Deoxyribose, ACGT, double helizz - 2 polynucleotide strands, held together by H bonds - 3 rings, keeps consistent shape
50
Why is DNA strand antiparallel?
A + T have h bonding pairs that fit, but only if one is flipped, thus DNA strands run anti parallel
51
What is always slightly positive in an H bond?
H
52
ATP
- Adenosine Triphosphate - Nitrogenous base + pentose + 3 phosphate groups - ENERGY TRANSFER - Bond between phosphate - Phosphoanhydride
53
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous base + pentose
54
Why does ATP supply so much energy
- Negative charges on O- repel each other, making molecule unstable, easy to break - Releases small amounts of energy, but accessible
55
NAD+
- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide - Because of opposite charge, molecule picks up ATP, goes back and forth depending on surroundings - Performs redox reactions
56
Redox reactions
Transfers electrons between molecules

Advanced Biology (4 decks)

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