Unit 1: Biochem - Intro Vocab Flashcards
Compound
Two or more different elements chemically bonded together
Molecule
Two of the same elements bonded together
Isotope
Two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Ion
Charged atom / group of electrons (charge from gain/loss of e-)
Some cations
NH4+, NA+, K+, H+
Some Anions
NO3, NO2, OH-, CO3^2-, HCO3-, PO4^3-, SO4^3-
Chemical bonds are
Formed between opposite charges attracting
Stable bonds/Unstable Bonds
- Low energy state, not likely to break
- High energy state, more likely to break
Ionic Bonds
- metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation
- nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
- Dissolve in water
- Polar
Covalent bonds
E- are shared equally between atoms, non-polar
Polar MOLECULES
- Entire shape is asymmetric
- One part +, other -
- Unequal sharing creates electronegativity
- Dissolve other polar substances, non polars are not attracted
Bonds That are always Polar
S-H N-H H-CL O-H O-C N-C
Bonds that are never polar
C-H, anything to itself
Intermolecular “bonds” forces (IMFS)
- Distant dependent interactions between molecules/atoms
- London dispersion forces (LDF) or Van Der Waal’s
- Charge-Charge bond
- Weak, strong in large numbers
- More common in large molecules
Dipole-Dipole bonds
- Attraction between polar molecules, forming polar bonds
Ex: Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
- H covalently bonds to electronegative O on another molecule
- O pulls electrons toward itself
To dissolve
When the solvent completely surrounds the solute
Molarity
Molarity is the concentration of a solution
number moles of solute per litre of solution
M=moles/Litre
Moles
Grams/Molar mass
pH
- Measures concentration of H+
Acidic, Basic, Neutral
Basic
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.
Buffer
Substance that maintains particular pH
Adds and reduces H+
Temperature/Heat
Average kinetic energy/Total kinetic energy
Specific heat
Amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1g of substance by 1C
Hydrocarbons
Molecules made of C + H (high energy, unstable)
All monomers/origamers/Polymers are formed by
dehydration synthesis
- One monomer releases -OH (hydroxyl group), other releases -H
- Covalent bond
- Endergonic/Anabolic
Catabolic reaction/Anabolic
Endergonic/Exergonic
Catabolic - Breaking
Anabolic - Builds
Endergonic - Requires Energy
Exergonic - Releases energy
Hydrolysis
- Polymers - Monomers
- Bond between polymers is broken, -OH added to one, -H to the other
- Exergonic/Catabolic
