Unit 1: Basic Concepts Flashcards
A branch of philosophy that deals with the questions and standards of what is right and what is wrong
Ethics
or
Moral Philosophy
The Latin word from which ethics came from
ethos
meaning character or moral nature
Refer to the rules that affect the choice of a person but are not linked to moral or ethical considerations
Non-Moral Standards
These affect the way a person develops their moral principles and guidelines but do not necessarily have moral implications
Non-Moral Standards
Refer to the rules that affect the choice of a person and their belief system and decision-making process in problems and situations that beg the question of what is morally right and wrong
Moral Standards
5 characteristics of Moral Standards
- Concern with the welfare of beings
- Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
- Overriding or hegemonic
- Impartial, fair, and just
- Special emotions and vocabulary
Characteristic of Moral Standards
Deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit the {…}
Talks about what is wrong but their concerns do not necessarily affect one’s life
Concern with the welfare of being
Characteristic of Moral Standards
Rely on reasoning and not on authoritative individuals to support and justify their cause
Law and religion do not need to be based on valid and sound reasoning
Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
Characteristic of Moral Standards
Take precedence over others’ standards and considerations like non-moral standards and self-interests
Overriding or hegemonic
Characteristic of Moral Standards
There is no exemption to the moral standards
If A is morally right for a certain person P, then it is morally right for anybody relevantly similar to P
Impartial, fair, and just
Characteristic of Moral Standards
Moral standards are associated with emotions such as guilt, remorse, and shame and vocabulary such as right, good, wrong, evil, moral, amoral, and immoral
Special emotions and vocabulary
A situation that begs an agent to choose between two alternatives with equal weight, both of which are either good or evil
Moral Dilemma
In this situation, no matter what the agent chooses they will be left with a moral failure, but not choosing would impose greater harm or loss
Moral Dilemma
3 levels of Moral Dilemma
- Personal
- Organizational
- Structural
4 parts of ethics
- Descriptive Ethics
- Normative Ethics
- Meta Ethics
- Applied Ethics
Part of Ethics
The thing that individuals really accept to be correct or wrong and it thinks about various moral standards utilized over a wide span of time
Descriptive Ethics
Part of Ethics
The thing that individuals should do; A prescriptive morals and it talks about how individuals can settle on what is ethically right
Normative Ethics
3 segments of Normative Ethics
- Virtue Ethics
- Deontology
- Consequentialism
Segment of Normative Ethics
Centers around one’s character and kindness
Virtue Ethics
Segment of Normative Ethics
The obligations, morals, or all-out objective and good absolutism
Deontology
Segment of Normative Ethics
Centers around the outcomes of an activity
Consequentialism
Part of Ethics
Doubts the significance of goodness, morals, and profound quality including how individuals can realize what is valid or bogus
Meta Ethics
Part of Ethics
The utilization of moral hypotheses in various open and private issues like medication and business
Applied Ethics
4 principles of Normative Ethics according to Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress
- Respect to Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-maleficence
- Justice
Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)
The acknowledgement that every person has the right to make choices to hold views and to act based on one’s values and beliefs as long as the person is conscious and has proper understanding of the matter at hand
Respect to Autonomy
Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)
The promotion of doing as much goodness as possible
Beneficence
Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)
The avoidance of any unjustifiable and unnecessary harm
Non-maleficence
Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)
The distribution of resources equally and fairly
Justice
The shared and learned patterns of behaviors, interactions, symbolisms, and values of a group of people
Culture
The disposition that sees a general public’s way of life inside the setting of the general public’s issues and openings
Cultural Relativism
The 8 strengths of Filipino Moral Character
- pakikipagkapwa-tao
- family orientation
- joy and humor
- flexibility
- adaptability and creativity
- hard work and industry
- faith and religiosity
- ability to survive
The 5 weaknesses of Filipino Moral Character
- extreme personalism
- extreme family-centeredness
- lack of discipline
- passivity and lack of initiative
- colonial mentality
Values that have the same worth of level of importance across cultures and ethical principles
Universal Values
The 6 stages of Moral Development according to Lawrence Kohlberg
- Obedience and Punishment Orientation
- Individualism and Exchange
- Good Interpersonal Relationship
- Maintaining the Social Order
- Social Contract and Individual Rights
- Universal Principles
The 3 levels of Moral Development according to Lawrence Kohlberg
- Pre-Conventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Post-Conventional Morality
Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Age 9 years and below
The primary focus of an individual is the self
Pre-Conventional Morality
Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Adolescence
People start to internalize the moral standards of the groups they belong to
Conventional Morality
Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Adults
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice
Post-Conventional Morality
