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chemistry > unit 1 Automation > Flashcards

unit 1 Automation Flashcards

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1
Q

name and description of first automated analyzer

A

“autoanalyzer” a contionous flow, single channeled sequential batch analyzer ( a single test was run on about 40 samples/ hour) introduced in 1957

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2
Q

second generation of automated analyzers name and description

A

“simultaneous multiple analyzer(SMA)

multiple channels produced 6-12 tests simultaneously at a rate of 360-72- tests/hour

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3
Q

problems with continuous flow analyzers

A

carryover and costly reagent waste

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4
Q

first commercial centrifugal analyzer was developed by

A

Dr. Norman Anderson at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, it was a spin-off technology from NASA space research, introduced in 1970 and was an alternative to continuous flow technology.

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5
Q

Automatic clinical Analyzer introduced by, and was the first ( 2 things) plus unique features

A

DuPont (1970), was the first discrete analyzer ( non continuous flow analyzer), and was the first to have random access capabilities. unique features: plastic test packs, positive patient ID, infrequent calibration.

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6
Q

Thin film analysis technology, year introduced

A

1976

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7
Q

Kodak Ektachem Analyzer; produced in what year, first instrument to use..,

A

produced in 1978, first instrument ties micro sample volumes and reagents slides for dry chemistry analysis( now VITROS)
first instrument to incorporate computer technology extensively into its design and use.

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8
Q

primarily discrete analyzers since what year, describe differences ( tests, menu, computer)

A

since 1980,
ion-selective electrodes, fiberoptics, polychromatic analysis
sophisticated computer hardware and software for data handling
larger test menus

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9
Q

recent advances (3)

A

point-of-care bench top analyzers
immunochemistry analyzers
modular analyzers

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10
Q

point-of-care analyzers

A

small, portable, easy to operate.

used primarily in physicians offices, laboratories and surgical and critical care units.

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11
Q

immunochemistry analyzers

A

using antigens and antibodies to test drug assays, specific proteins, tutor markers, and hormones.
instruments using florescence polarization immunoassays, nephelometry and immunoassay with chemiluminescent detection.

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12
Q

modular analyzers

A

combination of chemistry and immunoassay ( larger places combine these two)

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13
Q

phases of the testing process

A

pre-analytical(sample processing), analytical( sample analysis) and post-analytical( data management)

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14
Q

pre-analytical

A

test ordering, patient prep, collection and transport, processing ( aliquoting, centrifuging etc)

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15
Q

analytical

A

chemical analysis, calibration and controls, analyzer maintenance

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16
Q

post-analytical

A

data management, validation results, generation of patient reports, electronic posting results to patient record

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17
Q

Automation uses

A

robotics and front-end sample processes (pre-analutical)
barcodes applied at collection and read by analyzer for ID
assessments of results( automatic verification, flagging abnormal or critical results, auto dilution if a sample is greater than the linearity, delta checks)

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18
Q

automation in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and transfusion science

A

chemistry: batch and random access analyzers
hem: CBCs, differentials, cell classification
micro: bacterial ID
immunology: immunoassays
trans: automated screening and X-matches

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19
Q

goals/ advantages of automation

A

cost reduction( increased in number of tests performed by one MLT; decreased cost per test. Decreased volume of samples and reagents needs)

expansion of test menus( more options)

reduced turn around time(faster diagnosis faster treatment)

reduced variation (better comparison of results)

reduced errors( greater standardization between MLTs)

improved Lab safety (less handling of samples and reagents)

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20
Q

continuous flow analyzers( older/obsolete)

A

liquids are pumped through a system of continuous tubing, introduced in sequential order( seperated by air bubbles)
batch analysis only

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21
Q

centrifugal analyzers

A

force of centrifugation mixes reagents and samples
capable of batch analysis only
need MLT to load and transfer rotor

22
Q

Discrete analysis

A

separation of each sample and reagent in a separate container
most popular type
can run multiple tests at one time or mulitple samples one test at a time
only one with Random access ability

23
Q

steps in automation

A 
specimen prep and ID
specimen measurement and delivery
reagent delivery
chemical reaction 
measurement
signal processing and data handling
24
Q

specimen prep and ID

A

specimen prep is still manual in most labs, prep can be automated with robotics and front-end automation
primary tube sampling can be preformed on serum and plasma separator tubes after centrifugation

sample ID/location of specimens ( IMPORTANT)
bar code labels( ID samples and position on analyzer)
- with a LIS system it allows 2 way interface between instrument and lab software; orders downloaded from LIS and results are uploaded to patient file for Dr to see)
faster TAT

25
Q

specimen measurement and delivery

concern

A

circular carousels or rectangular rails hold disposable cups or primary sample tubes ( holds samples, controls and standards)
cups are marked to fill volume(0.5-2mL)
an aliquot of each sample is measured through aspiration of sample into a probe, some analyzers have cap-piercing probes.
probe and tubing is cleaned after each dispensing to minimize carryover, unless disposable probes or tips are used.
concern- carryover

26
Q

carryover and how to minimize

A

when a previous sample contaminates the current sample

minimize: probe washes between samples, back flush of probe, use of disposable tips

27
Q

reagent systems

A

dry reagent: lyophilized powder-requires reconstitution
tablets
multilayer dry chemical slides(ex.VITROS)-contains entire reagent system, single use

liquid reagent( bulk or unit dose)
ex. abbott architect AU480
28
Q

Proportioning definition

A

Adding patient sample to reagent

29
Q

Reagent delivery dispensing methods

A

Syringes ( pipette samples and reagents into cuvettes)

Peristaltic or piston driven pumps force liquid through tubing

Electric valves flow of reagents is controlled by a computer

30
Q

Chemical reaction phase ( 3)

A

Mixing : coiled timing, diffusion ( slide technology), centrifugal force, motion, spin bars, agitation, forceful dispensing, start/ stop action, stirring paddles

Incubation: heating bath( water or air) to maintain a temperature ( usually 37). Delay station permits curettes to incubate in a chamber for a set time

Reaction time: endpoint or kinetic ( continuous monitoring or rate )

31
Q

Which analyzer use stirring paddles

A

Only wet chemistry analyzerss

32
Q

Measurement phase

A

Principles

  • ultraviolet , fluorescent, and flame photometry
  • ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) * for electrolytes
  • gamma counters
  • luminometers
  • visible and ultraviolet light spectrophotometer ( most common) *** for general chemistry
  • fluorescence polarization, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence…. For immunoassays
33
Q

Dry chemistry/ slide chemistry analyzers ( exVITROS)

A

Use reflectance spectrophotometry *

Reflected ( not absorbed ) light is measured

More Color= higher concentration of analyte = lower reflectance

34
Q

Accurate calibration importance

A

Is essential to obtaining accurate information, multiple instruments that measure the same constituent in a lab should be calibrated so that results are compatible

Once calibrated, automated instruments provide long term stability of the standard curve amc only require monitoring

Some instruments are self- calibrating

35
Q

Signal processing

A

Analog signals ( ex.voltage or current ) are converted to a digital signal that can be processed by a computer

36
Q

Microprocessors are and are responsible for

A

Computers that hook up to analyzers, they are responsible for

  1. Data management ( abs readings, calculations, matching patient with results)
  2. Process control ( timing pipetting, incubation, readings)
  3. Quality control/ maintenances ( monitors QC; flags QC results that fail)

A monitor / display allows MLT to review results ( validate / verify )

Results can be hard colony or interfaced (LIS)

37
Q

Auto verification

A

Can be preformed by LIS
The computer automatically verifies and releases normal results or results within set parameters
I.e results within reference range, no flags, no delta checks warnings no QC issues

38
Q

Delta checks

A

Comparison of current results with previous results

39
Q

Back- end

A

Removing from analyzer & storing, retrieving if re-testing is required or disposal of specimens after appropriate amount of time.

40
Q

Throughput

A

The max# of tests that can be performed at the steady rate

41
Q

Workload

A

The # of tests results generated during a given period of time

42
Q

Workflow

A

The way in which tests are processed ( STATS ASAPs, batches )

43
Q

Test mix

A

The variety of tests that can be run

44
Q

Sensitivity

A

The lowest value that can be detected by a method without giving a false positive

45
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of a method to only measure the analyte in question

46
Q

TAT

A

“ turn around time” is the time it takes for to analyze specimen and report results

47
Q

Batch analyzer

A

When multiple patients samples are run during one test run

48
Q

Random access ability

A

Allows the order of tests run to be changed during a run ( good for STATS)

49
Q

Primary tube sampling

A

Test performed on serum or plasma spectator tube instead of an addition container being used

50
Q

Download

A

Orders are downloaded from LIS

51
Q

Upload

A

Results are uploaded to patient file

chemistry (13 decks)

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