unit 1 Automation Flashcards
name and description of first automated analyzer
“autoanalyzer” a contionous flow, single channeled sequential batch analyzer ( a single test was run on about 40 samples/ hour) introduced in 1957
second generation of automated analyzers name and description
“simultaneous multiple analyzer(SMA)
multiple channels produced 6-12 tests simultaneously at a rate of 360-72- tests/hour
problems with continuous flow analyzers
carryover and costly reagent waste
first commercial centrifugal analyzer was developed by
Dr. Norman Anderson at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, it was a spin-off technology from NASA space research, introduced in 1970 and was an alternative to continuous flow technology.
Automatic clinical Analyzer introduced by, and was the first ( 2 things) plus unique features
DuPont (1970), was the first discrete analyzer ( non continuous flow analyzer), and was the first to have random access capabilities. unique features: plastic test packs, positive patient ID, infrequent calibration.
Thin film analysis technology, year introduced
1976
Kodak Ektachem Analyzer; produced in what year, first instrument to use..,
produced in 1978, first instrument ties micro sample volumes and reagents slides for dry chemistry analysis( now VITROS)
first instrument to incorporate computer technology extensively into its design and use.
primarily discrete analyzers since what year, describe differences ( tests, menu, computer)
since 1980,
ion-selective electrodes, fiberoptics, polychromatic analysis
sophisticated computer hardware and software for data handling
larger test menus
recent advances (3)
point-of-care bench top analyzers
immunochemistry analyzers
modular analyzers
point-of-care analyzers
small, portable, easy to operate.
used primarily in physicians offices, laboratories and surgical and critical care units.
immunochemistry analyzers
using antigens and antibodies to test drug assays, specific proteins, tutor markers, and hormones.
instruments using florescence polarization immunoassays, nephelometry and immunoassay with chemiluminescent detection.
modular analyzers
combination of chemistry and immunoassay ( larger places combine these two)
phases of the testing process
pre-analytical(sample processing), analytical( sample analysis) and post-analytical( data management)
pre-analytical
test ordering, patient prep, collection and transport, processing ( aliquoting, centrifuging etc)
analytical
chemical analysis, calibration and controls, analyzer maintenance
post-analytical
data management, validation results, generation of patient reports, electronic posting results to patient record
Automation uses
robotics and front-end sample processes (pre-analutical)
barcodes applied at collection and read by analyzer for ID
assessments of results( automatic verification, flagging abnormal or critical results, auto dilution if a sample is greater than the linearity, delta checks)
automation in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and transfusion science
chemistry: batch and random access analyzers
hem: CBCs, differentials, cell classification
micro: bacterial ID
immunology: immunoassays
trans: automated screening and X-matches
goals/ advantages of automation
cost reduction( increased in number of tests performed by one MLT; decreased cost per test. Decreased volume of samples and reagents needs)
expansion of test menus( more options)
reduced turn around time(faster diagnosis faster treatment)
reduced variation (better comparison of results)
reduced errors( greater standardization between MLTs)
improved Lab safety (less handling of samples and reagents)
continuous flow analyzers( older/obsolete)
liquids are pumped through a system of continuous tubing, introduced in sequential order( seperated by air bubbles)
batch analysis only
centrifugal analyzers
force of centrifugation mixes reagents and samples
capable of batch analysis only
need MLT to load and transfer rotor
Discrete analysis
separation of each sample and reagent in a separate container
most popular type
can run multiple tests at one time or mulitple samples one test at a time
only one with Random access ability
steps in automation
specimen prep and ID specimen measurement and delivery reagent delivery chemical reaction measurement signal processing and data handling
specimen prep and ID
specimen prep is still manual in most labs, prep can be automated with robotics and front-end automation
primary tube sampling can be preformed on serum and plasma separator tubes after centrifugation
sample ID/location of specimens ( IMPORTANT)
bar code labels( ID samples and position on analyzer)
- with a LIS system it allows 2 way interface between instrument and lab software; orders downloaded from LIS and results are uploaded to patient file for Dr to see)
faster TAT