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PE > Unit 1 AOS 2 SAC Revision > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 2 SAC Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system function

A
  • immunity
  • transportation of gasses and fuels
  • cellular repair and regrowth
  • thermoregulation
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2
Q

Cardiovascular system structure

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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3
Q

Blood composition

A

consists of 2 broad categories

plasma 55%
blood cells 45%

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4
Q

Inspiration

A

BREATHING IN

  • intercostal muscles of the diaphragm contract downwards
  • ribs move upwards and outwards
  • increased space within the lungs/thoracic cavity
  • causes pressure in the lungs to decrease
  • gasses always move from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure
  • results in air quickly moving into the lungs
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5
Q

Expiration

A

BREATHING OUT

  • intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax as the ribs drop down
  • space inside the lungs decrease and air pressure increases
  • occurs until air pressure exceeds the pressure outside the body and the air is exhaled or expired
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6
Q

Types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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7
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

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8
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels

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9
Q

When and why does vasoconstriction and vasodilation happen

A

This occurs during exercise.

This allows greater amounts of oxygenated blood to flow to working muscles and away from non-essential organs

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10
Q

structure of respiratory system

Loose no more ants

A
  • lungs
  • nose
  • mouth
  • airway
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11
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Cardiovascular measures

A
  • stroke volume
  • heart rate
  • cardiac output
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13
Q

Respiratory measures

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Respiratory rate pulmonary
  • Vo2 MAX
  • AVO2
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14
Q

stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in the heart in one contraction.

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15
Q

tidal volume

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled of the lungs during a normal breath
average for men - 600ML
average for women - 500ML

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16
Q

When and where does diffusion occur?

A

diffusion occurs at the alveoli with the exchange of carbon dioxide from the blood and oxygen from the lungs through capillaries

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17
Q

Structure of the heart

A

Four chambers:

  • left atrium
  • right atrium
  • left ventricle
  • right ventricle
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18
Q

which chambers are the tope and bottom ones

A

atrium - top chambers
ventricle - bottoms chambers
left - right side
right - left side

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19
Q

one way valves

A

prevent backflow of blood

they open when the atrium contracts and they close when the ventricles contract

20
Q

bicuspid valve

A

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

21
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

22
Q

What are the four major valves in the heart and where are they located

A

Tricuspid: Separates the right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid: Separates the left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary: Separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic: Separates the left ventricle and the aorta

23
Q

What gases make up the air we breathe

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 1%

24
Q

During exercise explain blood flow redistribution and how it occurs

A

During exercise blood flow is increased in order to provide the working muscles with more oxygen. Blood flow is redirected away from non-working muscles and some of the bodies organs such as the kidneys and spleen in order to increase blood flow and supply working muscles with more oxygen.

25
Q

Explain the relationship between tidal volume and respiratory rate and minute ventilation

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath and respiratory rate measures the amount of breaths taken per minute. Minute ventilation measures the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled per minute.

26
Q

Explain diffusion

A

from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

27
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A 
superior/inferior vena cava 
right atrium 
tricuspid valve
right ventricle 
pulmonary artery 
lungs 
pulmonary vein 
left atrium 
bicuspid valve 
left ventricle 
aorta
28
Q

Homeostasis

A

homeostasis is the process of keeping the bodies internal environment in a steady state when the external environment changes

29
Q

what is Hypothermia and treatment

A

Abnormally low body temperature

  • remove wet clothing
  • wrap victim in blanket
  • provide food and drink to conscious victims if they aren’t nauseas
  • place in warm bath if available
30
Q

hypothermia symptoms

A

numbness
shivering
low body temperature
confusion

31
Q

what is Hyperthermia the three stages it occurs in

A

Abnormally high body temperature

heat cramps
heat exhaustion
heat stroke

32
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

33
Q

Components of blood

A

plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells

34
Q

Plasma

A
  • clear yellowish fluid that carries nutrients
  • transports waste products for removal
  • made up of 90% water
  • counters dehydration
  • contains the protein fibrinogen which assists platelets in blood clotting
35
Q

Platelets

A
  • cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding

- produced in bone marrow

36
Q

red blood cells

A
  • give the blood colour
  • produced in bone marrow
  • contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body tissue and muscle
  • women have slightly lower haemoglobin n levels than men
37
Q

white blood cells

A
  • fight infections
  • absorb and digest disease causing organisms
  • produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the steel
38
Q

Myoglobin

A

an oxygen extracting molecule located in the muscle

39
Q

Haemoglobin

A

in an oxygen carrying molecule transported in the blood via red blood cells

40
Q

gaseous exchange lungs

A
  • oxygen travels down the airways to the bronchs, bronchiole and bronchioles then to the alveoli
  • alveoli are air sacks surrounded by capillaries
  • the deoxygenated blood goes to the capillaries and diffusion occurs
  • capillaries gains oxygen and the alveoli gains carbon dioxide
  • then the oxygenated blood is carried by the from the capillaries to heart via the veins
41
Q

VO2 max

A

the maximum amount of oxygen. that can be transported, taken in, and utilised per minuet

42
Q

AVO2 differences

A

is the difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood

43
Q

cardiac output

A

is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minuet

44
Q

heart rate

A

number of beats per minute

45
Q

how to calculate max heart rate

A

220 - your age

46
Q

the cardiac cycle

A

stage 1 - atrial diastole
stage 2 - ventricular diastole
stage 3 - atrial systole
stage 4 - ventricular systole

PE (3 decks)

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