Unit 1 AOS 2 SAC Revision Flashcards
Cardiovascular system function
- immunity
- transportation of gasses and fuels
- cellular repair and regrowth
- thermoregulation
Cardiovascular system structure
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
Blood composition
consists of 2 broad categories
plasma 55%
blood cells 45%
Inspiration
BREATHING IN
- intercostal muscles of the diaphragm contract downwards
- ribs move upwards and outwards
- increased space within the lungs/thoracic cavity
- causes pressure in the lungs to decrease
- gasses always move from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure
- results in air quickly moving into the lungs
Expiration
BREATHING OUT
- intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax as the ribs drop down
- space inside the lungs decrease and air pressure increases
- occurs until air pressure exceeds the pressure outside the body and the air is exhaled or expired
Types of blood vessels
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
Vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
When and why does vasoconstriction and vasodilation happen
This occurs during exercise.
This allows greater amounts of oxygenated blood to flow to working muscles and away from non-essential organs
structure of respiratory system
Loose no more ants
- lungs
- nose
- mouth
- airway
Function of the respiratory system
supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular measures
- stroke volume
- heart rate
- cardiac output
Respiratory measures
- Tidal volume
- Respiratory rate pulmonary
- Vo2 MAX
- AVO2
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in the heart in one contraction.
tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled of the lungs during a normal breath
average for men - 600ML
average for women - 500ML
When and where does diffusion occur?
diffusion occurs at the alveoli with the exchange of carbon dioxide from the blood and oxygen from the lungs through capillaries
Structure of the heart
Four chambers:
- left atrium
- right atrium
- left ventricle
- right ventricle
which chambers are the tope and bottom ones
atrium - top chambers
ventricle - bottoms chambers
left - right side
right - left side
one way valves
prevent backflow of blood
they open when the atrium contracts and they close when the ventricles contract
bicuspid valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
What are the four major valves in the heart and where are they located
Tricuspid: Separates the right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid: Separates the left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary: Separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic: Separates the left ventricle and the aorta
What gases make up the air we breathe
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 1%
During exercise explain blood flow redistribution and how it occurs
During exercise blood flow is increased in order to provide the working muscles with more oxygen. Blood flow is redirected away from non-working muscles and some of the bodies organs such as the kidneys and spleen in order to increase blood flow and supply working muscles with more oxygen.
Explain the relationship between tidal volume and respiratory rate and minute ventilation
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath and respiratory rate measures the amount of breaths taken per minute. Minute ventilation measures the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled per minute.
Explain diffusion
from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Blood flow through the heart
superior/inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aorta
Homeostasis
homeostasis is the process of keeping the bodies internal environment in a steady state when the external environment changes
what is Hypothermia and treatment
Abnormally low body temperature
- remove wet clothing
- wrap victim in blanket
- provide food and drink to conscious victims if they aren’t nauseas
- place in warm bath if available
hypothermia symptoms
numbness
shivering
low body temperature
confusion
what is Hyperthermia the three stages it occurs in
Abnormally high body temperature
heat cramps
heat exhaustion
heat stroke
Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
Components of blood
plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells
Plasma
- clear yellowish fluid that carries nutrients
- transports waste products for removal
- made up of 90% water
- counters dehydration
- contains the protein fibrinogen which assists platelets in blood clotting
Platelets
- cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding
- produced in bone marrow
red blood cells
- give the blood colour
- produced in bone marrow
- contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body tissue and muscle
- women have slightly lower haemoglobin n levels than men
white blood cells
- fight infections
- absorb and digest disease causing organisms
- produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the steel
Myoglobin
an oxygen extracting molecule located in the muscle
Haemoglobin
in an oxygen carrying molecule transported in the blood via red blood cells
gaseous exchange lungs
- oxygen travels down the airways to the bronchs, bronchiole and bronchioles then to the alveoli
- alveoli are air sacks surrounded by capillaries
- the deoxygenated blood goes to the capillaries and diffusion occurs
- capillaries gains oxygen and the alveoli gains carbon dioxide
- then the oxygenated blood is carried by the from the capillaries to heart via the veins
VO2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen. that can be transported, taken in, and utilised per minuet
AVO2 differences
is the difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood
cardiac output
is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minuet
heart rate
number of beats per minute
how to calculate max heart rate
220 - your age
the cardiac cycle
stage 1 - atrial diastole
stage 2 - ventricular diastole
stage 3 - atrial systole
stage 4 - ventricular systole
