Unit 1 AOS 1 (2nd Test)

Question 1

Adult Stem Cell

Answer 1

A cell present in adult tissues that generates replacements for a limited range of cells.

Question 2

Anaphase

Answer 2

A phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

Question 3

Apoptosis

Answer 3

programmed cell death. process of cell death via a series of steps

Question 4

Binary Fission

Answer 4

A form of reproduction in SINGLE-CELLED organisms (bacteria etc.) where one cell divides into two cells of the same size.

Question 5

Cancer

Answer 5

Disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth (uncontrolled cell division).

Question 6

Cell Cycle

Answer 6

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo.

Question 7

Centriole

Answer 7

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only. Replicated in S phase and moves to opposite ends during mitosis.

Question 8

Chromatid

Answer 8

one of two identical ‘sister’ parts of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.

Question 9

Cytokinesis

Answer 9

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division. Separates the cell into two cells.

Question 10

Daughter cell

Answer 10

The new cell formed as a product of cell division.

Question 11

DNA Replication

Answer 11

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Question 12

Embryo

Answer 12

An organism in the earliest stage of development.

Question 13

Embryonic Stem Cell

Answer 13

A stem cell derived from human blastocysts.
Pluripotent, can differentiate into any germ layer.

Question 14

Enzyme

Answer 14

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.

Question 15

G0 Phase

Answer 15

A phase in the cell cycle where the cell is NOT dividing and its DNA is NOT replicating.
RESTING phase of interphase.

Question 16

G1 Checkpoint

Answer 16

Checkpoint at the end of G1 in interphase.
checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage.

Question 17

G1 Phase

Answer 17

Stage of interphase where the cell grows and almost doubles in size and performs its normal functions to gain energy.

Question 18

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 18

checkpoint at the end of G2 in interphase.
checks there are adequate resources, the cell is large enough, and DNA is duplicated correctly.

Question 19

G2 Phase

Answer 19

The last stage of interphase. Cell undergoes more growth and gains energy.

Question 20

Germ layer

Answer 20

One of the three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) present in an embryo.

Question 21

Interphase

Answer 21

Cell grows, performs its normal functions and prepares for division.
Consists of G1, S and G2 phases. Longest stage of the cell cycle

Question 22

M Checkpoint

Answer 22

Checkpoint at the end of metaphase. Spindle assembly checkpoint.
Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned or spindles are not correctly attached.

Question 23

Metaphase

Answer 23

Second phase of mitosis, where the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Question 24

Mitosis

Answer 24

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes.

Question 25

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 25

A structure made of microtubules (formed by centriole) that controls chromosome movement during mitosis. These attach to the centromeres of chromosomes in mitosis.

Question 26

Multipotent

Answer 26

Can only differentiate into a number of closely related cell types. e.g bone marrow stem cells can only differentiate into different types of blood cells.

Question 27

Mutagen

Answer 27

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

Question 28

Neoplasm

Answer 28

New growth (tumor). Can be harmless or cancerous

Question 29

Pluripotent

Answer 29

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types. e.g human embryonic stem cell.

Question 30

Potency

Answer 30

Potential of a stem cell to differentiate into different cell types.

Question 31

Prophase

Answer 31

First phase in mitosis. Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles move to opposite ends and spindles form.

Question 32

S Phase

Answer 32

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle. Where the DNA is replicated in the nucleus.

Question 33

Telomere

Answer 33

DNA at the tips of chromosomes

Question 34

Telophase

Answer 34

The final phase of cell division where the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and 2 nuclei membranes are reformed, spindles are dismantled, chromosomes become long and thin again.

Question 35

Tissue Culture

Answer 35

Technique for growing pieces of living tissue in artificial media containing essential salts, nutrients and growth factors.

Question 36

Totipotent

Answer 36

Can make ALL types of specialized cells in the body including embryonic cells.

Question 37

Unipotent

Answer 37

Can only become ONE type of cell

Question 38

Zygote

Answer 38

Diploid cell resulting in fusion of egg and sperm - it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Question 39

Bleb

Answer 39

The bulge in the plasma membrane to form separate apoptotic bodies

Question 40

Apoptotic Body

Answer 40

vesicle containing parts of a dying cell.

Question 41

Binary Fission Steps

Answer 41

1. Cell elongates and DNA is replicated 2. Cell Wall and plasma membrane begin to divide 3. Cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA 4. Cells Seperate

Question 42

Caspases

Answer 42

Family of proteases that cut up proteins and DNA

Question 43

Caspase cascade

Answer 43

Activation of caspases leading to apoptosis

Question 44

Centromere

Answer 44

The area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. (in the Center)

Question 45

Death receptor pathway

Answer 45

The pathway of apoptosis. Extrinsic Pathway

Question 46

Germ layers

Answer 46

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 47

Oncogene

Answer 47

cancer causing gene

Question 48

Phagocytic cell

Answer 48

responds to cell damage by engulfing and destroying the cell.