Unit 1 and Unit 2

Question 1

what are the properties of life?

Answer 1

Responds, Grows, Reproduces, Homeostasis, Complex Chemistry, Cells

Question 2

steps of the scientific method

Answer 2

1. Observe
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Conclusion
6. Communicate Results

Question 3

independent variable

Answer 3

is purposely changed; changes the dependent variable

Question 4

dependent variable

Answer 4

this is what is measured; changed by the independent variable

Question 5

atoms

Answer 5

the smallest particles that can be broken down chemically

Question 6

what is in the nucleus of an atom?

Answer 6

protons and neutrons

Question 7

what is around the nucleus?

Answer 7

electrons; protons = electrons

Question 8

elements

Answer 8

substances made out of one type of atom

Question 9

ions

Answer 9

an atom that has a slight charge due to losing or gaining an electron

Question 10

hydrogen bonding

Answer 10

weak bond caused by attraction between proton and an electronegative atom

Question 11

ionic bonds

Answer 11

where electrons are transferred

Question 12

covalent bonds

Answer 12

where electrons are shared

Question 13

properties of water

Answer 13

1. water molecules are attracted to each other: cohesion
2. adhesion: attraction between two different substances
3. absorbs heat
4. dissolves many substances

Question 14

acids

Answer 14

pH 6 or lower; increase the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions

Question 15

bases

Answer 15

pH higher than 8-14 (7 is neutral); increases the hydroxide ion

Question 16

carbohydrates

Answer 16

sugars and starches; linked monosaccharide rings; short-term energy and structural support; found in grains and plants; ex: glucose and cellulose

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

fats and oils; made of nonpolar fatty acid chains; long-term energy storage; found in meats and oils; ex: steroids and triglycerides

Question 18

what are the types of lipids?

Answer 18

saturated fats: contain only single bonds; unsaturated fats: contain double bonds; trans fats: considered unhealthy, found in junk food

Question 19

proteins

Answer 19

made of amino acids; found in meat, eggs, beans; ex: enzymes and hemoglobin

Question 20

enzymes…

Answer 20

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy

Question 21

nucleic acids

Answer 21

DNA and RNA; made of strings of nucleotides; DNA stores hereditary info; RNA manages protein production

Question 22

what makes up a nucleotide?

Answer 22

sugar, phosphate group, and a base

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

special nucleic acid composed of only one nucleotide; cellular energy supply; energy is released when high energy phosphate bonds are broken

Question 24

chemical reaction formula

Answer 24

reactants “yields” products

Question 25

activation energy

Answer 25

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Question 26

overall energy

Answer 26

is the difference between the reactants and products

Question 27

exergonic

Answer 27

energy is released; product energy is lower than the reactants

Question 28

endergonic

Answer 28

energy is absorbed; product energy is higher than reactants

Question 29

enzymes attract substrates to what?

Answer 29

the active/activation sites; works by placing the substrates together properly to put them together or break them apart

Question 30

light microscope

Answer 30

sends a beam of light through the slide

Question 31

electron microscope

Answer 31

sends beam of electrons through slide; shows images in greater detail than light microscopes

Question 32

lenses on a microscope

Answer 32

objectives

Question 33

Hooke

Answer 33

built his own microscope and discovered that there are “cells” within cork

Question 34

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 34

made very advanced microscope for his time; discovered animalcules which are now called bacteria

Question 35

Schwann, Schleiden, Virchow

Answer 35

all of their ideas created the cell theory

Question 36

cell theory 1

Answer 36

all organisms are made of one or more cells

Question 37

cell theory 2

Answer 37

all the life functions or organisms occur within cells

Question 38

cell theory 3

Answer 38

all cells come from already existing cells

Question 39

why are most cells small?

Answer 39

the smaller the cell, the easier it is to find nutrients and get rid of waste

Question 40

active transport

Answer 40

require the use of energy: lower concentration to higher

Question 41

passive transport

Answer 41

doesn’t require energy; goes with the concentration gradient

Question 42

diffusion

Answer 42

moves to where it is less concentrated

Question 43

facilitated diffusion

Answer 43

uses transport proteins

Question 44

endocytosis

Answer 44

absorbed

Question 45

exocytosis

Answer 45

released

Question 46

hypertonic

Answer 46

higher concentration of solute outside

Question 47

hypotonic

Answer 47

lower concentration of solute outside

Question 48

isotonic

Answer 48

equal concentrations

Question 49

prokaryotes do not have

Answer 49

organelles

Question 50

plant cells have…, and animal cells do not

Answer 50

a central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall

Question 51

animal cells have…, and plant cells do not

Answer 51

lysosomes