Unit 1 And 2 Flashcards
Bony part of pelvic cavity
Sacrum, 1st to 3rd coccygeal vertebrae, Os coxae
Sacrum of horse and ruminants
Five fused vertebrae
Sacrum of pigs
4 fused vertebrae
Sacrum of carnivores
Three fused vertebra
triangular in form with the base articulating anteriorly with the last lumbar vertebra and caudally with the first coccygeal vertebra.
Sacrum
The ventral or inferior surface of the sacrum is-
Smooth and concave
It forms the largest portion of the roof of the pelvis
Ventral or inferior surface of sacrum
It consists of an ilium, ischium and pubis
Os coxae
forms the chief
boundary of the
pelvis and the
framework of the
uppermost segment
of the hindlimbs
which it connects
with the spine.
Os coxae
irregularly
triangular in
shape and
form part of
the lateral
wall of the
pelvis.
Ilium
forms the caudal
part of the ventral
floor of the pelvis.
Ischium
Smallest bone of the os coxae
Pubis
In pubis the dorsal pelvic surface is what -in female?
Smooth and concave
- It is cotyloid cavity formed by fusion of ilium,
ischium and pubis.
Acetabulum
head of the Femur
lodge into this cavity and is attached to it by
the round ligament.
Acetabulum
It helps maintain the relationship of the pelvis to the spinal column
Ligaments
This ligament is
attached to medial wing
of the ilium and the
lateral portion of the
sacrum and the summit
of the sacral spines.
Dorsal and lateral sacro- iliac ligament
It is a quadrilateral
ligamentous sheet that
completes the lateral
wall of the pelvic cavity.
Sacro-schiatic ligament
It is the tendon of
insertion of the recti
abdominis muscle
Prepubic tendon
is somewhat cone
shaped and the inlet is roughly oval shaped
with the largest diameter being sacro-
pubic.
pelvic cavity
Transverse or bis-iliac and
sacro-pubic diameter are
nearly equal, making the
pelvic inlet almost spherical in what animal
Mare
The coxal tuberosities are—- in mare
larger and prominent.
Ischial
tuberosities
are high and
prominent in what animal?
Cow
In cow, The pelvic inlet
is more
elliptical.
• Similar to cow except that the-_—
are relatively smaller in ewe
ischial tuberosities
Wing of iliac are
smaller and nearly
parallel to the
medial plane in what animal
Bitch
In bitch, ilium has a
.
twisted
appearance
In sow, —– is log and narrow
Pelvic inlet
wing of the illum are not prominent
The pubic symphysis is not completely
fused
The tuber ischii are largely cartilagenous
In what animal?
Sow
There are five (5) pelvic articulations:
- Sacro-lumbar
- Ischio-pubic
symphysis - Right sacro-iliac
- Sacro-coccygeal
- Left sacro-iliac
The pelvic inlet is bounded by the following:
Ventral-
Dorsal-
Lateral -
- Dorsally the base
of the sacrum - Ventrally the
pelvic brim - Laterally the
iliopectineal line.
The pelvic outlet is bounded by:
- The sacrum and
first three coccygeal
vertebrae dorsally - The ischial arch
ventrallv - The posterior-
border of the sacro-
sciatic ligament
laterally.
The pelvis of the male domestic animal differs
from the female in a number of definite points:
Diameter of Pelvic inlet is smaller in male than female
Bones of males are thicker and heavier
Ischial arch is narrow in male
Cranial floor of pelvis is convex in male and concave in female
Obturator foramen is small in male
Shape of ovary in cow
Oval shaped
Shape of ovary in cow
Oval shaped
Shape of ovary in mare
The corpus luteum ?
Bean shaped
Cauliflower shaped
Ovary that weight 30 - 90 g
Mare
Animal that has almond- shaped ovary?
Ewe
Resembles those in cow’s ovary
Ewe
Oval in shape ovary then mullberry like when matured in what animal
Sow
Also Oval in shape,
mulberry-like but smaller
Bitch
In bitch, ovarian bursa contains-
Fat
Cl contains no pigment in-
Bitch
In —, ovarian bursa contains no fat and cl contains no pigment
Cats
It is the site of fertilization
Oviduct
Three parts of oviduct
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
the middle part of oviduct which
joins the isthmus at the
isthmus- ampullary
junction.
Ampulla
- The part nearest, funnel shaped, has
finger like projection called as fimbrae
which aids in the collection of the ovum
into the oviduct.
Infundibullum
- joins the tip of
the uterine horns at the
utero-tubal unction
Isthmus
- Torturous, wiry
and hard, feeling
nearly
cartilaginous when
rolled between
fingers
What animal?
Mare or cow
Oviduct is - 15-
30cm,
6-12
inches
,long
Sow
4-7cm, 2-3½ inches long and has a
slightly torturous course around
nearly the entire circumference of
the ovarian bursa.
Dog and cat
• a muscular-membranous structure
designed for the reception of the
fertilized ovum, for the nutrition and
protection of the fetus, and for the
initial stage of expulsion of the fetus
at the time of parturition.
Uterus
Shape of uterus in cow?
Cornuate
Location of uterus in cow?
Floor of pelvis, on pelvic brim or over the brim
- Cruciform or T-
shaped with the
horns perpendicular
to the body of the
uterus. What type of animal?
Mare
Location of uterus in mare
Suspended in pelvic and abdominalcavities dorsal to the bladder by broad ligament
In sow uterus has
Long body and long torturous horns freely movable due to long broad ligament
Uterus of ewe
Same as cow as well as the location
Uterus that has short body
Bitch
In what animal does the uterus • Suspended
from the
sublumbar
region by the
broad
ligaments
Bitch
In bitch, uterus lies entirely w/in the
Abdominal cavity
It form a barrier between the uterus and
the vagina
Cervix
A powerful tubular sphincter like
muscular structure between the uterus
and the vagina.
Cervix
The opening into vagina is called
External os
Cervix is about
- about 5-10cm, 2-
inches, in length
by 1.5-7, 0.75-2.75
inches, in diameter
Location of cervix in cow
- located caudal to
the uterus either
in the pelvic cavity,
on the pelvic brim,
or in the
abdominal cavity.
A cervix that is characterized by numerous small low longitudinal folds of mucous membrane
Mare
Cervix of dog is
Very short
the slight circular constriction between
vagina and vulva is the.
Hymen
Ducts present in cow
Gartner’s duct and wolffian duct
Mesomephric duct are occasionally present in what animal?
Mare, sow
Vagina is small in diameter w/ a thick muscular coat
Sow
Vagina is long and narrow
Bitch
Mesonephric duct are usually lacking in what animal
Bitch and cat
Location of scrotum in cat and boar
Caudally
Regulates testicular temperature lower than temp of the body
Cremaster and pampiniform
Principal blood supply in the scrotum of cat and boar
Internal pudendal artery and external
Testis is covered with
Tunica vaginalis propria
For transportation, nutrition, storage and maturation of the spermatozoa
Epididymis
Paired
accessory
genital glands of the
male located on the
floor of the pelvis,
cranial and lateral to
the
ampullae and
neck of the bladder.
Seminal vesicle
Adds on the secretion to the seven at the time of ejaculation by means of many ducts opening into the pelvic urethra
Prostate gland
Bulbourethal gland is absent in
Dog
Blood supply in penis
Internal and external pudendal artery and obturator artery
Regions of hypothalamus
Supraoptic/ anterior region
Tuberal or middle region
Mammillary or posterior region
It lies above the optic chasm
Supraoptic region
3 nucleus of supraoptic region
Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Neurons produce predominantly oxytocin
Paraventricular nucleus
Control of circadian rhythms
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Neurons produce antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
Supraoptic nucleus
Lesions in anterior hypothalamus may
Block production of Adh
Disrupt sleep - waking cycle
Control of eating or satiety center region
Medial part of the tuberal region: ventromedial
Bilateral lesions can cause Hyperphagia, obesity, rage, irritability
Medial: ventromedial nucleus of the tuberal region
Lateral hypothalamic area contains the
Feeding center
Bilateral lesion in the lateral hypothalamic area can cause
Lack of appetite
Nucleus of mammillary region
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Mammillary nuclei
Plays role in thermoregulation
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Associated with memory
Mammillary nuclei
Oxytocin and vasopressin is secreted by
Hypothalamic
List the hypothalamic hormones
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Groth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (VP, AVP)/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Heat loss center
Rostral hypothalamus
Heat conservation center
Caudal hypothalamus
- A pea-sized endocrine gland located at the
base of the brain - “Master gland” of the body as it regulates
many activities of other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland stores
Oxytocin
Anterior pituitary gland hormones:
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs: lh,fsh,
Thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulating hormone
Lactotrophs: prolactin
Somatotrophs: growth hormones
Activation of — causes females and males to acquire secondary sex characteristics
Hpg axis
At birth, Fsh and lh are
Elevated
HpG is continuously activated in _ and deregulated in older -
Males
Females
A decapeptide hormone
GnrH
STim. Lh and FsH from pituitary
Gnrh
Used to treat ovarian inactivity and synchronize estrus
Gnrh
Stimulates folliculogenesis and follicular maturation
Fsh
Stimulates luteinization
Fsh
Stimulates follicular steroidogenesis
- Stimulates follicular maturation
- Induce ovulation by increasing
conc.
of
intrafollicular proteolytic enzymes
Stimulates CL formation and maintains its
steroidogenic function
Lh
- Induce mammary growth
- Initiates milk secretion after parturition
- Increases number of receptors on
the ovary
Maintains CL function with cessation of
estrous cycle in lactating animals - Stimulates maternal behavior in
mature
female animals
Prolactin
Oxytocin is from
Hypothalamus
Stimulates milk - let down
Oxytocin
Hormones from granulOSA cells
Estrogen
- Causes clinical and behavioral signs of
estruc
Promotes growth of the mammary duct
system
Deposition of calcium in long bones
Estrogen
Prepare receptors to oxytocin
Estrogen
Causes gonadotropin surge which culminates in ovulation Favors deposition of glycogen
in endometrial glands -
Development of secondary
sexual characteristics in females
Estrogen
Hormone from corpus luteum
Progesterone
Inhibit folliculogenesis
Progesterone
Proliferation of alveolar system of
the mammary glands
Stimulates uterine milk secretions for the
pre-implantation embryos
- Maintains pregnancy -
Progesterone
Hormone from ovarian follicles,
Inhibin
Suppresses release of FSH from the PG
Inhibin
Hormones released from cl, uterus and placenta
Relaxin
End of pregnancy: stimulate opening of cervix, relaxation of the pelvic ligaments,
and separatior of pelvic symphysis for parturition
Relaxin
Hormones from uterus
Prostaglandin
A hormone that directs pg to release lh and Fsh in male
Gnrh
Stimulates androgen binding proteins (ABP)
synthesis by Sertoli Cells
Stimulates primary spermatocytes to undergo first
meiotic division to become a secondary
spermatocytes
Fsh
Aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone in male
Lh
Stimulates testosterone production by the
Leydig/Interstitial cells of testes
Lh
Hormone made by Leydig cell in male
Less abundant and less effective than testosterone
Andosterone
Made in the Leyalg Cells
Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in males
Helps stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes
(with FSH)
Associated with sex
drive
Testosterone
Released by Sertoli Cells when they are low on
nutrients to feed developing sperm cells
Inhibin
Acts as a negative feedback, to the hypothalamus
to slow the release of FSH and GnRH
Inhibin
2 mechanism of hormonal control
Nervous and feedback mechanism
