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Theriogenology > Unit 1 And 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 And 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bony part of pelvic cavity

A

Sacrum, 1st to 3rd coccygeal vertebrae, Os coxae

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2
Q

Sacrum of horse and ruminants

A

Five fused vertebrae

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3
Q

Sacrum of pigs

A

4 fused vertebrae

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4
Q

Sacrum of carnivores

A

Three fused vertebra

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5
Q

triangular in form with the base articulating anteriorly with the last lumbar vertebra and caudally with the first coccygeal vertebra.

A

Sacrum

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6
Q

The ventral or inferior surface of the sacrum is-

A

Smooth and concave

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7
Q

It forms the largest portion of the roof of the pelvis

A

Ventral or inferior surface of sacrum

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8
Q

It consists of an ilium, ischium and pubis

A

Os coxae

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9
Q

forms the chief
boundary of the
pelvis and the
framework of the
uppermost segment
of the hindlimbs
which it connects
with the spine.

A

Os coxae

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10
Q

irregularly
triangular in
shape and
form part of
the lateral
wall of the
pelvis.

A

Ilium

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11
Q

forms the caudal
part of the ventral
floor of the pelvis.

A

Ischium

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12
Q

Smallest bone of the os coxae

A

Pubis

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13
Q

In pubis the dorsal pelvic surface is what -in female?

A

Smooth and concave

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14
Q
  • It is cotyloid cavity formed by fusion of ilium,
    ischium and pubis.
A

Acetabulum

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15
Q

head of the Femur
lodge into this cavity and is attached to it by
the round ligament.

A

Acetabulum

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16
Q

It helps maintain the relationship of the pelvis to the spinal column

A

Ligaments

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17
Q

This ligament is
attached to medial wing
of the ilium and the
lateral portion of the
sacrum and the summit
of the sacral spines.

A

Dorsal and lateral sacro- iliac ligament

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18
Q

It is a quadrilateral
ligamentous sheet that
completes the lateral
wall of the pelvic cavity.

A

Sacro-schiatic ligament

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19
Q

It is the tendon of
insertion of the recti
abdominis muscle

A

Prepubic tendon

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20
Q

is somewhat cone
shaped and the inlet is roughly oval shaped
with the largest diameter being sacro-
pubic.

A

pelvic cavity

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21
Q

Transverse or bis-iliac and
sacro-pubic diameter are
nearly equal, making the
pelvic inlet almost spherical in what animal

A

Mare

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22
Q

The coxal tuberosities are—- in mare

A

larger and prominent.

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23
Q

Ischial
tuberosities
are high and
prominent in what animal?

A

Cow

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24
Q

In cow, The pelvic inlet
is more

A

elliptical.

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25
Q

• Similar to cow except that the-_—
are relatively smaller in ewe

A

ischial tuberosities

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26
Q

Wing of iliac are
smaller and nearly
parallel to the
medial plane in what animal

A

Bitch

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27
Q

In bitch, ilium has a
.

A

twisted
appearance

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28
Q

In sow, —– is log and narrow

A

Pelvic inlet

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29
Q

wing of the illum are not prominent
The pubic symphysis is not completely
fused
The tuber ischii are largely cartilagenous
In what animal?

A

Sow

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30
Q

There are five (5) pelvic articulations:

A
  1. Sacro-lumbar
  2. Ischio-pubic
    symphysis
  3. Right sacro-iliac
  4. Sacro-coccygeal
  5. Left sacro-iliac
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31
Q

The pelvic inlet is bounded by the following:
Ventral-
Dorsal-
Lateral -

A
  1. Dorsally the base
    of the sacrum
  2. Ventrally the
    pelvic brim
  3. Laterally the
    iliopectineal line.
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32
Q

The pelvic outlet is bounded by:

A
  1. The sacrum and
    first three coccygeal
    vertebrae dorsally
  2. The ischial arch
    ventrallv
  3. The posterior-
    border of the sacro-
    sciatic ligament
    laterally.
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33
Q

The pelvis of the male domestic animal differs
from the female in a number of definite points:

A

Diameter of Pelvic inlet is smaller in male than female
Bones of males are thicker and heavier
Ischial arch is narrow in male
Cranial floor of pelvis is convex in male and concave in female
Obturator foramen is small in male

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34
Q

Shape of ovary in cow

A

Oval shaped

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35
Q

Shape of ovary in cow

A

Oval shaped

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36
Q

Shape of ovary in mare
The corpus luteum ?

A

Bean shaped
Cauliflower shaped

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37
Q

Ovary that weight 30 - 90 g

A

Mare

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38
Q

Animal that has almond- shaped ovary?

A

Ewe

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39
Q

Resembles those in cow’s ovary

A

Ewe

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40
Q

Oval in shape ovary then mullberry like when matured in what animal

A

Sow

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41
Q

Also Oval in shape,
mulberry-like but smaller

A

Bitch

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42
Q

In bitch, ovarian bursa contains-

A

Fat

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43
Q

Cl contains no pigment in-

A

Bitch

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44
Q

In —, ovarian bursa contains no fat and cl contains no pigment

A

Cats

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45
Q

It is the site of fertilization

A

Oviduct

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46
Q

Three parts of oviduct

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

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47
Q

the middle part of oviduct which
joins the isthmus at the
isthmus- ampullary
junction.

A

Ampulla

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48
Q
  • The part nearest, funnel shaped, has
    finger like projection called as fimbrae
    which aids in the collection of the ovum
    into the oviduct.
A

Infundibullum

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49
Q
  • joins the tip of
    the uterine horns at the
    utero-tubal unction
A

Isthmus

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50
Q
  • Torturous, wiry
    and hard, feeling
    nearly
    cartilaginous when
    rolled between
    fingers
    What animal?
A

Mare or cow

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51
Q

Oviduct is - 15-
30cm,
6-12
inches
,long

A

Sow

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52
Q

4-7cm, 2-3½ inches long and has a
slightly torturous course around
nearly the entire circumference of
the ovarian bursa.

A

Dog and cat

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53
Q

• a muscular-membranous structure
designed for the reception of the
fertilized ovum, for the nutrition and
protection of the fetus, and for the
initial stage of expulsion of the fetus
at the time of parturition.

A

Uterus

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54
Q

Shape of uterus in cow?

A

Cornuate

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55
Q

Location of uterus in cow?

A

Floor of pelvis, on pelvic brim or over the brim

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56
Q
  • Cruciform or T-
    shaped with the
    horns perpendicular
    to the body of the
    uterus. What type of animal?
A

Mare

57
Q

Location of uterus in mare

A

Suspended in pelvic and abdominalcavities dorsal to the bladder by broad ligament

58
Q

In sow uterus has

A

Long body and long torturous horns freely movable due to long broad ligament

59
Q

Uterus of ewe

A

Same as cow as well as the location

60
Q

Uterus that has short body

A

Bitch

61
Q

In what animal does the uterus • Suspended
from the
sublumbar
region by the
broad
ligaments

A

Bitch

62
Q

In bitch, uterus lies entirely w/in the

A

Abdominal cavity

63
Q

It form a barrier between the uterus and
the vagina

A

Cervix

64
Q

A powerful tubular sphincter like
muscular structure between the uterus
and the vagina.

A

Cervix

65
Q

The opening into vagina is called

A

External os

66
Q

Cervix is about

A
  • about 5-10cm, 2-
    inches, in length
    by 1.5-7, 0.75-2.75
    inches, in diameter
67
Q

Location of cervix in cow

A
  • located caudal to
    the uterus either
    in the pelvic cavity,
    on the pelvic brim,
    or in the
    abdominal cavity.
68
Q

A cervix that is characterized by numerous small low longitudinal folds of mucous membrane

A

Mare

69
Q

Cervix of dog is

A

Very short

70
Q

the slight circular constriction between
vagina and vulva is the.

A

Hymen

71
Q

Ducts present in cow

A

Gartner’s duct and wolffian duct

72
Q

Mesomephric duct are occasionally present in what animal?

A

Mare, sow

73
Q

Vagina is small in diameter w/ a thick muscular coat

A

Sow

74
Q

Vagina is long and narrow

A

Bitch

75
Q

Mesonephric duct are usually lacking in what animal

A

Bitch and cat

76
Q

Location of scrotum in cat and boar

A

Caudally

77
Q

Regulates testicular temperature lower than temp of the body

A

Cremaster and pampiniform

78
Q

Principal blood supply in the scrotum of cat and boar

A

Internal pudendal artery and external

79
Q

Testis is covered with

A

Tunica vaginalis propria

80
Q

For transportation, nutrition, storage and maturation of the spermatozoa

A

Epididymis

81
Q

Paired
accessory
genital glands of the
male located on the
floor of the pelvis,
cranial and lateral to
the
ampullae and
neck of the bladder.

A

Seminal vesicle

82
Q

Adds on the secretion to the seven at the time of ejaculation by means of many ducts opening into the pelvic urethra

A

Prostate gland

83
Q

Bulbourethal gland is absent in

A

Dog

84
Q

Blood supply in penis

A

Internal and external pudendal artery and obturator artery

85
Q

Regions of hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic/ anterior region
Tuberal or middle region
Mammillary or posterior region

86
Q

It lies above the optic chasm

A

Supraoptic region

87
Q

3 nucleus of supraoptic region

A

Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

88
Q

Neurons produce predominantly oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

89
Q

Control of circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

90
Q

Neurons produce antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nucleus

91
Q

Lesions in anterior hypothalamus may

A

Block production of Adh
Disrupt sleep - waking cycle

92
Q

Control of eating or satiety center region

A

Medial part of the tuberal region: ventromedial

93
Q

Bilateral lesions can cause Hyperphagia, obesity, rage, irritability

A

Medial: ventromedial nucleus of the tuberal region

94
Q

Lateral hypothalamic area contains the

A

Feeding center

95
Q

Bilateral lesion in the lateral hypothalamic area can cause

A

Lack of appetite

96
Q

Nucleus of mammillary region

A

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Mammillary nuclei

97
Q

Plays role in thermoregulation

A

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

98
Q

Associated with memory

A

Mammillary nuclei

99
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin is secreted by

A

Hypothalamic

100
Q

List the hypothalamic hormones

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Groth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (VP, AVP)/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

101
Q

Heat loss center

A

Rostral hypothalamus

102
Q

Heat conservation center

A

Caudal hypothalamus

103
Q
  • A pea-sized endocrine gland located at the
    base of the brain
  • “Master gland” of the body as it regulates
    many activities of other endocrine glands
A

Pituitary gland

104
Q

Posterior pituitary gland stores

A

Oxytocin

105
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones:

A

Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs: lh,fsh,
Thyrotrophs: thyroid stimulating hormone
Lactotrophs: prolactin
Somatotrophs: growth hormones

106
Q

Activation of — causes females and males to acquire secondary sex characteristics

A

Hpg axis

107
Q

At birth, Fsh and lh are

A

Elevated

108
Q

HpG is continuously activated in _ and deregulated in older -

A

Males
Females

109
Q

A decapeptide hormone

A

GnrH

110
Q

STim. Lh and FsH from pituitary

A

Gnrh

111
Q

Used to treat ovarian inactivity and synchronize estrus

A

Gnrh

112
Q

Stimulates folliculogenesis and follicular maturation

A

Fsh

113
Q

Stimulates luteinization

A

Fsh

114
Q

Stimulates follicular steroidogenesis
- Stimulates follicular maturation
- Induce ovulation by increasing
conc.
of
intrafollicular proteolytic enzymes
Stimulates CL formation and maintains its
steroidogenic function

A

Lh

115
Q
  • Induce mammary growth
  • Initiates milk secretion after parturition
  • Increases number of receptors on
    the ovary
    Maintains CL function with cessation of
    estrous cycle in lactating animals
  • Stimulates maternal behavior in
    mature
    female animals
A

Prolactin

116
Q

Oxytocin is from

A

Hypothalamus

117
Q

Stimulates milk - let down

A

Oxytocin

118
Q

Hormones from granulOSA cells

A

Estrogen

119
Q
  • Causes clinical and behavioral signs of
    estruc
    Promotes growth of the mammary duct
    system
    Deposition of calcium in long bones
A

Estrogen

120
Q

Prepare receptors to oxytocin

A

Estrogen

121
Q

Causes gonadotropin surge which culminates in ovulation Favors deposition of glycogen
in endometrial glands -
Development of secondary
sexual characteristics in females

A

Estrogen

122
Q

Hormone from corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

123
Q

Inhibit folliculogenesis

A

Progesterone

124
Q

Proliferation of alveolar system of
the mammary glands
Stimulates uterine milk secretions for the
pre-implantation embryos
- Maintains pregnancy -

A

Progesterone

125
Q

Hormone from ovarian follicles,

A

Inhibin

126
Q

Suppresses release of FSH from the PG

A

Inhibin

127
Q

Hormones released from cl, uterus and placenta

A

Relaxin

128
Q

End of pregnancy: stimulate opening of cervix, relaxation of the pelvic ligaments,
and separatior of pelvic symphysis for parturition

A

Relaxin

129
Q

Hormones from uterus

A

Prostaglandin

130
Q

A hormone that directs pg to release lh and Fsh in male

A

Gnrh

131
Q

Stimulates androgen binding proteins (ABP)
synthesis by Sertoli Cells
Stimulates primary spermatocytes to undergo first
meiotic division to become a secondary
spermatocytes

A

Fsh

132
Q

Aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone in male

A

Lh

133
Q

Stimulates testosterone production by the
Leydig/Interstitial cells of testes

A

Lh

134
Q

Hormone made by Leydig cell in male
Less abundant and less effective than testosterone

A

Andosterone

135
Q

Made in the Leyalg Cells
Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in males
Helps stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes
(with FSH)
Associated with sex
drive

A

Testosterone

136
Q

Released by Sertoli Cells when they are low on
nutrients to feed developing sperm cells

A

Inhibin

137
Q

Acts as a negative feedback, to the hypothalamus
to slow the release of FSH and GnRH

A

Inhibin

138
Q

2 mechanism of hormonal control

A

Nervous and feedback mechanism

Theriogenology (7 decks)

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