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Fitness Instructor Level 2 > Unit 1 - Anatomy and Phisiology for Exercise > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Anatomy and Phisiology for Exercise Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Bone, cartilage and ligaments

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2
Q

What is a bone?

A

Bone is calcified connective-tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton

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3
Q

How many bones does the skeleton consist of approximately?

A

206

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4
Q

Name all the bones of the anterior skeleton

A 
Cranium 
clavicle 
sternum 
humerus
 rib 
lumbar 
vertebrae
ulna
radius 
pubis 
carpals 
metacarpals
ischium 
femur
patella 
fibula 
tibia 
metatarsals 
phalanges
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5
Q

Name all the bones of the posterior skeleton

A 
Cranium
Cervical vertebrae
Scapula
Humerus
Thoracic vertebrae
Ulna
Radius
Ilium
Sacrum
Coccyx 
Phalanges
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Framework, protection, locomotion, soft tissue attachment, production, storage.

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7
Q

Explain the function of the framework of the skeleton

A

To provide a bony framework for the body and to give it shape.

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8
Q

Explain the function protection of the skeleton

A

To support and protect certain vital internal organs like the skull giving protection to the brain.

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9
Q

Explain the function locomotion of the skeleton

A

To act as biomechanical levers on which muscles can pull to produce joint motion.

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10
Q

Explain the function soft tissue attachment of the skeleton

A

To provide surfaces for all the attachments of soft tissues like muscles and ligaments.

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11
Q

Explain the function production of the skeleton

A

Certain bones produce red blood cells, granular white blood cells and platelets from the red bone marrow.

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12
Q

Explain the function storage of the skeleton

A

To store several minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, to be released when required. Triglycerides are also stored in the adipocytes of yellow bone marrow.

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Spine, rips and skull

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper and lower limbs, the pelvic and shoulder girdles

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15
Q

How many bones does the skull have?

A

8 cranial bones

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16
Q

Which are the bones of the spine?

A

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae

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17
Q

What bones are in the chest?

A

Ribs, sternum

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18
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they situated?

A

7 in the neck region

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19
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they situated?

A

12 in the chest area

5 in the lower back

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20
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae and where are they situated?

A

5 in rump

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21
Q

How many bones are in the sacral vertebrae and where are they situated?

A

4, used to be the tail

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22
Q

How many bones are in the ribs and where are they situated?

A

12 pairs, forming chest wall

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23
Q

How many bones are in the sternum and where are they situated?

A

1, receives the clavicle and up at 10 pairs of ribs

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24
Q

How many bones are in the shoulders and where are they situated?

A 
2 scapulae, held on by muscular attachments to the rib cage at the back and the clavicle at the front.
2 clavicle (collar bone), maintains the scapula at a correct distance from the chest wall.
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25
Q

What bones are in the arms?

A

2 Humerus, bone of upper arm
2 Radius, inner bone of forearm
2 Ulna, with the radius forms the elbow joint at the humerus and the wrist at the lower end

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26
Q

Which bones are in the hand?

A

16 carpals, form the wrist in two rows of four
10 metacarpals, first metacarpal is the thumb and the rest are in the palm
28 phalanges, the fingers (3 each) and the thumbs (2 each)

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27
Q

Which bones are in the pelvis?

A

2 ilium
2 ischium
2 pubis

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28
Q

Which bones are in the legs?

A

2 femur

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29
Q

Which is the longest bone in the body?

A

The thigh bone is the longest bone in the body and forms the knee joint with the tibia

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30
Q

How can bones be classified?

A

Bones can be classified according to their formation and shape: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular, Sesamoid

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31
Q

Describe long bones.

A

Long bones have a greater length then witdth and consist of a shaft with normally to extremities. They contain mostly compact bone in the diaphysis and more cancellous bone in their epiphysis and principally act as levers.

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32
Q

Name examples for long bones.

A

Femur, tibia, radius

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33
Q

Describe short bones.

A

Short bones are normally about as long as they are wide. They are usually highly cancellous, which gives them strength with reduced weight.

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34
Q

Give examples for short bones.

A

Carpals, tarsals

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35
Q

Describe flat bones.

A

Flat bones are thin cancellous bone sandwiched between two compact layers. They provide protection and large areas for muscle attachment.

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36
Q

Give examples for flat bones.

A

Scapula, cranial bones, costals

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37
Q

Describe irregular bones.

A

Irregular bones form very complex shapes and therefore, cannot be classified within the previous groups.

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38
Q

Give examples for irregular bones.

A

Vertebrae and calcaneus

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39
Q

Describe sesamoid bones.

A

Sesamoid bones develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage.

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40
Q

Give an example for sesamoid bones.

A

Patella kneecap

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41
Q

Name the structure of a long bone.

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, hyaline cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, cancellous bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, red marrow

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42
Q

What is ossification?

A

It is the formation of bone by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the addition of minerals and salts.

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43
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

They are cells that help to form bone.

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44
Q

What factors are influencing bone development?

A

Nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, physical exercise.

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45
Q

What curves is the spine made off?

A

2 convex and 2 concave curves

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46
Q

How many bones are in the cervical vertebra?

A

7

47
Q

How many bones are in the thoracic vertebra?

A

12

48
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar vertebra?

A

5

49
Q

How many bones are in the sacrael vertebrae?

A

5

50
Q

How many bones are in the coccyx?

A

4

51
Q 
Where is the heart located?
A. Abdominal cavity
B. Thoracic cavity
C. Pelvic girdle
D. Shoulder girdle
A

B. Thoracic cavity

52
Q 
Where are the lungs located?
A. The thoracic cavity
B. The abdominal cavity
C. The pelvic girdle
D. The shoulder girdle
A

A. The thoracic cavity

53
Q 
Which of the following is the function of the heart?
A. Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
B. Pump deoxygenated blood to the body
C. Produce red blood cells
D. Receive oxygen from the body
A

A. Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs

54
Q 
Which type of muscle is the heart?
A. Skeletal
B. Smooth
C. Voluntary
D. Cardiac
A

D. Cardiac

55
Q 
Where does blood flow to after leaving the right atrium?
A. Right ventricle
B. Vena Cava
C. Left atrium
D. Aorta
A

A. Right ventricle

56
Q 
Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls to assist blood flow?
A. Venules
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Arteries
A

D. Arteries

57
Q 
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
A. Pulmonary veins
B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Vena cava
D. Aorta
A

D. Aorta

58
Q

Which of the following defines blood pressure?
A. The rate or speed at which the heart beats.
B. The volume of blood that leaves the heart in a single contraction.
C. The measure of force the blood applies to the artery walls as it flows through them.
D. The volume of blood the heart pumps every minute.

A

C. The measure of force the blood applies to the artery walls as it flows through them.

59
Q 
Which of the following represents the lowest reading to classify borderline (Stage 1) hypertension?
A. 120/80 mmHg
B. 140/90 mmHg
C. 160/100 mmHg
D. 180/110 mmHg
A

B. 140/90 mmHg

60
Q 
Which organ is responsible for taking oxygen into the body?
A. The heart
B.  The lungs
C. The kidneys
D. The spleen
A

B. The lungs

61
Q 
What is the name of the area in the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs?
A. Alveoli
B. Bronchioles
C. Bronchi
D. Atria
A

A. Alveoli

62
Q 
Which of the following muscles is mainly involved in respiration?
A. The diaphragm
B. The rhomboids
C. The pelvic floor
D. The deltoids
A

A. The diaphragm

63
Q 
Which of the following is the structure of the respiratory system which air will pass through during inhalation?
A. The aorta
B. The diaphysis
C. The pulmonary artery
D. The pharynx
A

D. The pharynx

64
Q 
Which process occurs between the alveoli and capillaries?
A. Blood pooling
B. Venous return
C. Stroke volume
D. Gaseous exchange
A

D. Gaseous exchange

65
Q 
Which of the following is stored by the bones?
A.  Red blood cells
B. Calcium
C. White blood cells
D. Carbohydrates
A

B. Calcium

66
Q 
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Cranium
B. Scapula
C.  Clavicle
D.   Illium
A

A. Cranium

67
Q 
Where is the ulna located?
A. The shoulder girdle
B.  The pelvic girdle
C. The axial skeleton
D. The appendicular skeleton
A

D. The appendicular skeleton

68
Q 
Which bone forms part of the lower limb?
A. Fibula
B. Ischium
C. Humerus
D. Radius
A

A. Fibula

69
Q 
Which type of bone are the tarsals?
A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat
D. Irregular
A

B. Short

70
Q 
What is the hollow tube running through the centre of the long bone called?
A. Medullary cavity
B. Epiphyseal plate
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Bone marrow
A

A. Medullary cavity

71
Q 
What medical condition, associated with ageing, results in the loss of bone density that leads to fractures?
A. Ossification
B. Calcification
C. Osteoporosis
D. Osteoarthritis
A

C. Osteoporosis

72
Q 
Which region of the spine is affected by hyperlordosis?
A. Lumbar
B. Thoracis
C. Sacral
D. Coccygeal
A

A. Lumbar

73
Q 
Which posture type may be caused by a mother repeatedly carrying her baby on one hip?
A. Kyphosis
B. Lordosis
C. Scoliosis
D. Flat back
A

C. Scoliosis

74
Q 
Which type of joint has no movement?
A. Synovial 
B. Cartilaginous 
C. Fibrous
D. Slightly movable
A

C. Fibrous

75
Q 
What is the name of the structure that attaches bone to bone across the synovial joint?
A. Tendon
B. Cartilage
C. Synovial membrane
D. Ligament
A

D. Ligament

76
Q 
What type of synovial joint is found between the carpal bones of the wrist?
A. Gliding
B. Ball and socket
C. Saddle
D. Condyloid
A

A. Gliding

77
Q 
Which movement is possible at a synovial hinge joint?
A. Flexion
B. Adduction
C. Circumduction
D. Rotation
A

A. Flexion

78
Q 
At which joint would circumduction occur?
A. Shoulder
B. Knee
C. Elbow
D.  Ankle
A

A. Shoulder

79
Q 
Which joint allows adduction and abduction?
A. Elbow
B. Knee
C. Vertebral
D. Hip
A

D. Hip

80
Q 
Which joint action occurs when the spine bends sideways?
A. Adduction
B. Horizontal extension
C. Lateral flexion
D.  Rotation
A

C. Lateral flexion

81
Q 
What type of muscle are the biceps and triceps?
A. Cardiac
B. Smooth
C. Voluntary
D. Involuntary
A

C. Voluntary

82
Q 
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
A. It is involuntary
B. It is striated
C. It is cardiac
D. It is skeletal
A

A. It is involuntary

83
Q 
What is the name of the connective-tissue surrounding each bundle of muscle fibres?
A. Perimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Myofibril
D. Myofilament
A

A. Perimysium

84
Q 
Where is the rectus abdominis muscle located?
A. Front of the abdomen
B. Back of the spine
C. Front of the thigh
D. Back of the calf
A

A. Front of the abdomen

85
Q 
Where are the pectoralis major muscles located?
A. The chest
B. The back
C. The anterior of the abdomen
D. The posterior of the abdomen
A

A. The chest

86
Q 
What is the name of the muscles located at the buttocks?
A. Hip adductors
B. Gluteus maximus
C. Quadriceps
D. Gastrocnemius
A

B. Gluteus maximus

87
Q 
Which muscle runs underneath the pelvis and helps to prevent stress incontinence?
A. The pelvic floor
B. The pelvic girdle
C. The internal obliques
D. The rectus abdominis
A

A. The pelvic floor

88
Q 
What is the name given to a muscle that assists the prime mover?
A. The agonist
B. The fixator
C. The synergist
D. The antagonist
A

C. The synergist

89
Q 
Which muscle is the prime mover during knee flexion?
A. Quadriceps
B. Soleus
C. Hamstrings
D. Gluteus maximus
A

C. Hamstrings

90
Q 
Which muscle flexes the spine when contracting concentrically?
A. Erector spinae
B. Rectus abdominis
C. Rectus femoris
D. Hamstrings
A

B. Rectus abdominis

91
Q

How do you stimulate osteoblasts?

A

Stimulated by compression but not impact such as squats walking et cetera

92
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

It’s the expanded portion at each end of the bone

93
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

The shaft of the bone

94
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Covering the bone ends

95
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A tough fibrous sheath covering the whole bone

96
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Solid, strong and resistant to bending

97
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

giving the bone elastic strength to resist compression forces

98
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

The hollow tube down the centre of the compact bone

99
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

This functions for the storage of fat

100
Q

What does red marrow?

A

This functions in the production of various types of blood cells

101
Q

Fat burns in the presence ….

A

Oxygen

102
Q

What is protraction?

A

Shoulder move to the front

103
Q

What is retraction?

A

Shoulder move to the back.

104
Q

Which muscle is the prime mover in hip extension?

A

Glutes.

105
Q

What joint action occurs when the deltoids contract concentrically?

A

Abduction

106
Q

What joint action occurs if the biceps contract concentrically?

A

Elbow flexion

107
Q

What is a characteristic of fast twitch muscle fibre?

A

White in colour

108
Q

What is the name given to describe the loss of muscle mass associated with ageing?

A

Sarcopenia

109
Q

Which energy system uses fat, carbohydrate and oxygen in the production of adenosine triphosphate?

A

Aerobic system

110
Q

Which energy system would be used primarily during an 80 meter sprint?

A

Creatine phosphate system

111
Q

Which body system controls all voluntary and in voluntary muscle work?

A

The nervous system

112
Q

When a muscle contracts and shortens it is undergoing which type of contraction?

A

Concentric

113
Q

Which of the following need to be recruited and higher numbers to enable muscles to produce greater force?

A

Motor units

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