Unit 1 - Anatomy and Phisiology for Exercise Flashcards
What does the skeletal system consist of?
Bone, cartilage and ligaments
What is a bone?
Bone is calcified connective-tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton
How many bones does the skeleton consist of approximately?
206
Name all the bones of the anterior skeleton
Cranium clavicle sternum humerus rib lumbar vertebrae ulna radius pubis carpals metacarpals ischium femur patella fibula tibia metatarsals phalanges
Name all the bones of the posterior skeleton
Cranium Cervical vertebrae Scapula Humerus Thoracic vertebrae Ulna Radius Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Phalanges Femur Fibula Tibia Tarsals
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Framework, protection, locomotion, soft tissue attachment, production, storage.
Explain the function of the framework of the skeleton
To provide a bony framework for the body and to give it shape.
Explain the function protection of the skeleton
To support and protect certain vital internal organs like the skull giving protection to the brain.
Explain the function locomotion of the skeleton
To act as biomechanical levers on which muscles can pull to produce joint motion.
Explain the function soft tissue attachment of the skeleton
To provide surfaces for all the attachments of soft tissues like muscles and ligaments.
Explain the function production of the skeleton
Certain bones produce red blood cells, granular white blood cells and platelets from the red bone marrow.
Explain the function storage of the skeleton
To store several minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, to be released when required. Triglycerides are also stored in the adipocytes of yellow bone marrow.
What is the axial skeleton?
Spine, rips and skull
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs, the pelvic and shoulder girdles
How many bones does the skull have?
8 cranial bones
Which are the bones of the spine?
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae
What bones are in the chest?
Ribs, sternum
How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they situated?
7 in the neck region
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they situated?
12 in the chest area
5 in the lower back
How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae and where are they situated?
5 in rump
How many bones are in the sacral vertebrae and where are they situated?
4, used to be the tail
How many bones are in the ribs and where are they situated?
12 pairs, forming chest wall
How many bones are in the sternum and where are they situated?
1, receives the clavicle and up at 10 pairs of ribs
How many bones are in the shoulders and where are they situated?
2 scapulae, held on by muscular attachments to the rib cage at the back and the clavicle at the front. 2 clavicle (collar bone), maintains the scapula at a correct distance from the chest wall.
What bones are in the arms?
2 Humerus, bone of upper arm
2 Radius, inner bone of forearm
2 Ulna, with the radius forms the elbow joint at the humerus and the wrist at the lower end
Which bones are in the hand?
16 carpals, form the wrist in two rows of four
10 metacarpals, first metacarpal is the thumb and the rest are in the palm
28 phalanges, the fingers (3 each) and the thumbs (2 each)
Which bones are in the pelvis?
2 ilium
2 ischium
2 pubis
Which bones are in the legs?
2 femur
Which is the longest bone in the body?
The thigh bone is the longest bone in the body and forms the knee joint with the tibia
How can bones be classified?
Bones can be classified according to their formation and shape: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular, Sesamoid
Describe long bones.
Long bones have a greater length then witdth and consist of a shaft with normally to extremities. They contain mostly compact bone in the diaphysis and more cancellous bone in their epiphysis and principally act as levers.
Name examples for long bones.
Femur, tibia, radius
Describe short bones.
Short bones are normally about as long as they are wide. They are usually highly cancellous, which gives them strength with reduced weight.
Give examples for short bones.
Carpals, tarsals
Describe flat bones.
Flat bones are thin cancellous bone sandwiched between two compact layers. They provide protection and large areas for muscle attachment.
Give examples for flat bones.
Scapula, cranial bones, costals
Describe irregular bones.
Irregular bones form very complex shapes and therefore, cannot be classified within the previous groups.
Give examples for irregular bones.
Vertebrae and calcaneus
Describe sesamoid bones.
Sesamoid bones develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage.
Give an example for sesamoid bones.
Patella kneecap
Name the structure of a long bone.
Epiphysis, diaphysis, hyaline cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, cancellous bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, red marrow
What is ossification?
It is the formation of bone by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the addition of minerals and salts.
What are osteoblasts?
They are cells that help to form bone.
What factors are influencing bone development?
Nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, physical exercise.
What curves is the spine made off?
2 convex and 2 concave curves
How many bones are in the cervical vertebra?
7
How many bones are in the thoracic vertebra?
12
How many bones are in the lumbar vertebra?
5
How many bones are in the sacrael vertebrae?
5
How many bones are in the coccyx?
4
Where is the heart located? A. Abdominal cavity B. Thoracic cavity C. Pelvic girdle D. Shoulder girdle
B. Thoracic cavity
Where are the lungs located? A. The thoracic cavity B. The abdominal cavity C. The pelvic girdle D. The shoulder girdle
A. The thoracic cavity
Which of the following is the function of the heart? A. Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs B. Pump deoxygenated blood to the body C. Produce red blood cells D. Receive oxygen from the body
A. Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Which type of muscle is the heart? A. Skeletal B. Smooth C. Voluntary D. Cardiac
D. Cardiac
Where does blood flow to after leaving the right atrium? A. Right ventricle B. Vena Cava C. Left atrium D. Aorta
A. Right ventricle
Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls to assist blood flow? A. Venules B. Veins C. Capillaries D. Arteries
D. Arteries
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body? A. Pulmonary veins B. Pulmonary arteries C. Vena cava D. Aorta
D. Aorta
Which of the following defines blood pressure?
A. The rate or speed at which the heart beats.
B. The volume of blood that leaves the heart in a single contraction.
C. The measure of force the blood applies to the artery walls as it flows through them.
D. The volume of blood the heart pumps every minute.
C. The measure of force the blood applies to the artery walls as it flows through them.
Which of the following represents the lowest reading to classify borderline (Stage 1) hypertension? A. 120/80 mmHg B. 140/90 mmHg C. 160/100 mmHg D. 180/110 mmHg
B. 140/90 mmHg
Which organ is responsible for taking oxygen into the body? A. The heart B. The lungs C. The kidneys D. The spleen
B. The lungs
What is the name of the area in the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs? A. Alveoli B. Bronchioles C. Bronchi D. Atria
A. Alveoli
Which of the following muscles is mainly involved in respiration? A. The diaphragm B. The rhomboids C. The pelvic floor D. The deltoids
A. The diaphragm
Which of the following is the structure of the respiratory system which air will pass through during inhalation? A. The aorta B. The diaphysis C. The pulmonary artery D. The pharynx
D. The pharynx
Which process occurs between the alveoli and capillaries? A. Blood pooling B. Venous return C. Stroke volume D. Gaseous exchange
D. Gaseous exchange
Which of the following is stored by the bones? A. Red blood cells B. Calcium C. White blood cells D. Carbohydrates
B. Calcium
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? A. Cranium B. Scapula C. Clavicle D. Illium
A. Cranium
Where is the ulna located? A. The shoulder girdle B. The pelvic girdle C. The axial skeleton D. The appendicular skeleton
D. The appendicular skeleton
Which bone forms part of the lower limb? A. Fibula B. Ischium C. Humerus D. Radius
A. Fibula
Which type of bone are the tarsals? A. Long B. Short C. Flat D. Irregular
B. Short
What is the hollow tube running through the centre of the long bone called? A. Medullary cavity B. Epiphyseal plate C. Hyaline cartilage D. Bone marrow
A. Medullary cavity
What medical condition, associated with ageing, results in the loss of bone density that leads to fractures? A. Ossification B. Calcification C. Osteoporosis D. Osteoarthritis
C. Osteoporosis
Which region of the spine is affected by hyperlordosis? A. Lumbar B. Thoracis C. Sacral D. Coccygeal
A. Lumbar
Which posture type may be caused by a mother repeatedly carrying her baby on one hip? A. Kyphosis B. Lordosis C. Scoliosis D. Flat back
C. Scoliosis
Which type of joint has no movement? A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous D. Slightly movable
C. Fibrous
What is the name of the structure that attaches bone to bone across the synovial joint? A. Tendon B. Cartilage C. Synovial membrane D. Ligament
D. Ligament
What type of synovial joint is found between the carpal bones of the wrist? A. Gliding B. Ball and socket C. Saddle D. Condyloid
A. Gliding
Which movement is possible at a synovial hinge joint? A. Flexion B. Adduction C. Circumduction D. Rotation
A. Flexion
At which joint would circumduction occur? A. Shoulder B. Knee C. Elbow D. Ankle
A. Shoulder
Which joint allows adduction and abduction? A. Elbow B. Knee C. Vertebral D. Hip
D. Hip
Which joint action occurs when the spine bends sideways? A. Adduction B. Horizontal extension C. Lateral flexion D. Rotation
C. Lateral flexion
What type of muscle are the biceps and triceps? A. Cardiac B. Smooth C. Voluntary D. Involuntary
C. Voluntary
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle? A. It is involuntary B. It is striated C. It is cardiac D. It is skeletal
A. It is involuntary
What is the name of the connective-tissue surrounding each bundle of muscle fibres? A. Perimysium B. Periosteum C. Myofibril D. Myofilament
A. Perimysium
Where is the rectus abdominis muscle located? A. Front of the abdomen B. Back of the spine C. Front of the thigh D. Back of the calf
A. Front of the abdomen
Where are the pectoralis major muscles located? A. The chest B. The back C. The anterior of the abdomen D. The posterior of the abdomen
A. The chest
What is the name of the muscles located at the buttocks? A. Hip adductors B. Gluteus maximus C. Quadriceps D. Gastrocnemius
B. Gluteus maximus
Which muscle runs underneath the pelvis and helps to prevent stress incontinence? A. The pelvic floor B. The pelvic girdle C. The internal obliques D. The rectus abdominis
A. The pelvic floor
What is the name given to a muscle that assists the prime mover? A. The agonist B. The fixator C. The synergist D. The antagonist
C. The synergist
Which muscle is the prime mover during knee flexion? A. Quadriceps B. Soleus C. Hamstrings D. Gluteus maximus
C. Hamstrings
Which muscle flexes the spine when contracting concentrically? A. Erector spinae B. Rectus abdominis C. Rectus femoris D. Hamstrings
B. Rectus abdominis
How do you stimulate osteoblasts?
Stimulated by compression but not impact such as squats walking et cetera
What is epiphysis?
It’s the expanded portion at each end of the bone
What is diaphysis?
The shaft of the bone
What is hyaline cartilage?
Covering the bone ends
What is periosteum?
A tough fibrous sheath covering the whole bone
What is compact bone?
Solid, strong and resistant to bending
What is cancellous bone?
giving the bone elastic strength to resist compression forces
What is the medullary cavity?
The hollow tube down the centre of the compact bone
What is yellow marrow?
This functions for the storage of fat
What does red marrow?
This functions in the production of various types of blood cells
Fat burns in the presence ….
Oxygen
What is protraction?
Shoulder move to the front
What is retraction?
Shoulder move to the back.
Which muscle is the prime mover in hip extension?
Glutes.
What joint action occurs when the deltoids contract concentrically?
Abduction
What joint action occurs if the biceps contract concentrically?
Elbow flexion
What is a characteristic of fast twitch muscle fibre?
White in colour
What is the name given to describe the loss of muscle mass associated with ageing?
Sarcopenia
Which energy system uses fat, carbohydrate and oxygen in the production of adenosine triphosphate?
Aerobic system
Which energy system would be used primarily during an 80 meter sprint?
Creatine phosphate system
Which body system controls all voluntary and in voluntary muscle work?
The nervous system
When a muscle contracts and shortens it is undergoing which type of contraction?
Concentric
Which of the following need to be recruited and higher numbers to enable muscles to produce greater force?
Motor units
