Unit 1 - American Revolution Flashcards
Age of Exploration
- 15th - 18th Century
- 1492 - Columbus sailed the ocean blue
- Vikings
- Motivations
- Reformation
- Renaissance
- Humanism
- Individualism
- New Tech
- Caravel
- Astrolabe –> Sextant
- 3 Gs
- God, Goods, and Glory
Portugal
- Proved navigation to be profitable
- put Portugal on the map on navigation
- Prince Henry the Navigator - “colonized” Africa
- Vasco de Gamma
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Results:
- Resources + Recognition for Portugal
- Exploration Inspiration
Spain
- Provided new ways to travel to India + such
- Established new lands
- Christopher Columbus
- Fransisco Pizarro
- Hernan Cortes
- conquered LOTS of land
- got LOTS of riches for Spain
France
- Proved there was long term benefits to expedition
- Able to colonize + Maintain friendships with Natives
- Samuel de Champlain, Jaques Cartier, Jaques Marquette
- worked together as a team
- targetted canada
- furs + trade
- traded with Natives
- Built military first + trade posts - Results:
- Resources + Opportunities gained
- Colonization was a GOAL
Britain
- 13 colonies
- Anglican church/Church of England
- Focused on colonization to grow empire
- Jamestown = first colony (almost died but revived)
- MAJOR player in the AR
Vikings
- 1000 AD
- Their goal was to plunder (didn’t need land so they stole resources)
Prince Henry the Navigator
- 1400s
- loved exploration
- Opened Navigation School
- opportunity and motivation - Spices in India
- water route
- “Colonization” along the way
Vasco de Gama
- 1490
- Portugal –> India –> Portugal by water
- a great idea for spice trading
Ferdinand Magellan
- 1520s
- came up with Circumnavigation
- traveling around the Earth
Christopher Columbus
- 1490s
- 1492 - Columbus sailed the ocean blue
- CC landed in the West Indies - thought he was in India - Italian born, Spanish sponsored
- Wanted spices in Asia
- went from West to East because
Africa was taken by Portugal - Caribbean
- coconuts, tobacco, corn, potatoes
(all things Europe had NEVER had)
Hernan Cortez
- 1520s
- Conquered the Aztec
- went to Mexico
- got A LOT of gold
- used religion as motivation/excuse for conquering
Francisco Pizarro
- 1520s
- Conquered the Inca
- went the Chili
- got A LOT of silver
- used religion as motivation/excuse for conquering
Renaissance
Focused on:
- humanism
- individualism
A revolution
Reformation
Personal relationship w/God, NOT the church
Humanism
Humans can do amazing things, create, explore and discover new things
Individualism
People realized they can do things on their own, as opposed to with the church.
Astrolabe
a technology that uses the sun to tell time. Important bc used for exploration
Sextant
Astrolabe 2.0 –> it measures time and determines distance. Used for mapping
Caravel
A boat with a small hull that only goes short distances bc crew won’t have enough resources to last long
Mayflower Compact
1st democratic document stating any rules in Plymouth will be made by ALL.
Squanto
- Influencer for Plymouth colonization
- translator
- gave tips for survival
- kidnapped, brought back to Europe
John Smith
-self-appointed leader of Jamestown
- Two Rules:
1. if you don’t work you don’t get food
2. Make alliances with Natives
John Rolfe
- stole tobacco seeds & created tobacco trading for Jamestown.
- helped trade routes
- tobacco tasted better = more biz
- pocahantis
Pocahontas
- Saved John Smith’s life from her dad
- Gets married to John Rolfe
- Taken to England, baptized, gets a new name = Elizabeth
- was used as propaganda to show the “Natives are just like us and are not monsters” (to get people to come to colonies and work)
Tobacco
- addictive and BIG cash crop!
- opened the trade routes
- very popular in Europe
Ethics and Economics of slavery
- Ethics = morals and beliefs
- Colonists knew slavery was not right but they still did it bc of $$
Guerilla Warfare
- ambushing the opponent
- hiding out in trees
- shooting from above
- opponent doesn’t know where the
bullets are coming from - Lexington + concord
Benedict Arnold
- American traitor
- was an American military officer
Mercantilism
- the belief that it all benefits the mother country
- Colonies can ONLY trade with Britain
- this is how Britain ripped off the colonies
- lead the colonists to smuggle tobacco
- The king got mad
Boston
- Epicenter of lots of battles and revolutions
- Boston Tea Party
- Boston Harbor
- Boston Massacre
William Penn
- Quaker
- Pennsylvania
- Holy Experiment
- 3 way win
- Money - William doesn’t die -
resources
- 3 way win
Quakers
- Selection of Christians
- disliked by Christians - think the Quakers are a cult
- would wait until someone quaked with the lord’s word
Debtors
- if you are in debt –> you go to prison
- but then the king decided to send them to work off their debt in the colonies
James Oglethorpe
- brought Debtors to North America to work off their debt
King George III
- possibly died from arsenic poisoning
- was sick –> gave all of his power to George IV
- taxation w/out representation
French and Indian War
- The British were fighting the French AND the Indians
Appalachian Mountains
- Divided the French and the British territories
Proclamation of 1763
- all colonists west of the mnts have to come back over to the 13 colonies
- colonists violate it IMEDIATELY - stay on the west
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
- Colonist Protesters
- rioted lots of people in authoritative standing
- angry and upset
- boycotted
- silver sons of liberty bowl
- 92 members
Sam Adams
- leader of the Sons of Liberty
- member of the 2nd Continental Congress
- radical - represented Massecheusets
John Adams
- cousins with Sam Adams
- member of the 2nd Continental Congress
- radical - represented
Boston Massacre
A bid Misunderstanding
- chaotic
- Church bell
- Bell = fire on the
- “fire” = confusion
- One shot is fired, everyone r=freaks
- Paul revere - silversmith - makes
BIASED reenactment - everyone believes it
Boston Tea Party
- 50 sons of Liberty DUMP $1 MILLION of tea into Boston harbor
- dressed like Native Americans so they weren’t recognized
- Intolerable Acts
Valley Forge
- camp run by GW
- soldiers were dying of smallpox
- Friedrich von Steuben
- brought order and discipline
- taught how to use a bayonet
- made the camp cleanlier
Stamp Act
- 1765 - 1766
- taxes all legal documents
- newspapers and letters and such
Townshend Act
- taxed:
- glass
- paint
- lead
- TEA
- paper
Intolerable Acts
AKA Coercive Acts
- Mass. can’t govern itself
- Instead, it was governed by the British Council of the King
- Strengthened the quartering act
- Punished the community
- UNITED the colonies
- Patrick Henry
- Boston Port is closed until $1,000,000 is payed off
Tea Act
- India - cheapest
- British East India Company - cheap
- Colonial Tea merchants - make the most money
- stopped selling bc of boycotts - NOT THE TAXATION OF TEA
- THE MAIN GOAL: to help Britain get out of bankruptcy
First Continental Congress
- meeting of colonies
every colony except Georgie - 56 ppl - Discussed ways to have Intolerable Acts repealed
- didn’t want to declare independence yet
- In the end: ALL TRADE W/ Britain + Ireland
- some ppl made soldiers train for possible fight w/ britain
- some ppl thought fighting would be quick - others knew it would be WAR
2nd Continental Congress
Goals:
- Finance –> debt and death
- United governments of the 13
colonies w/out uniting them
-state constitutions
- Fight for Independence/Plan for
Independence
Outcomes:
- Continental Army
- Olive Branch Petition
- Declaration of Independence
- Committee of Correspondance
- Articles of Confederation
- Continental Dollar
Repeal
- drawback
- the kind repealed a lot of his acts because of boycotts
Zurara
- First Racist
- Portugal writer
- convinces the world that enslaving africans is doing them well
Declaration of Independence
- Committee of FIVE
- declared independence from Britain
- John Hancock signed his name the biggest to make a statement
Olive Branch Petition
- John Dickinson
- a petition sent to the king of England
- king laugh at it
- got declined
Continental Dollar
- Unified all colonies
- hard to phase in bc its currency
- scary for a lot of colonists
- you had to BELIEVE
- Used to pay soldiers - motivation
Militia
- an “army” of untrained soldiers
Minutemen
- a militia
- READY to fight in a minute
- slept in their uniforms
- Trained CONSTANTLY
Daniel Morgan
- commander of the sharpshooters
- lead them to attack the British in the woods
- played dirty
-Guerilla Warfare
Small Pox
- airborne disease
- GW found the “vaccine” for it
George Washington
- commander/general of the Continental Army
- member of the 1st and 2nd continental congress
- won and lost many battles
- lead America to victory
Friedrich von Steuben
- saved valley forge
- brought order and discipline
- taught soldiers how to use a bayonet
- made the camp cleanlier
- openly gay
Battle of Lexington/Concord
- paul revere
- lights in church steeple
- all the inventory was in concord - bait
- 70 minute men - stalled 700 British soldiers in lexington
- American soldier ambush British - guerilla warfare
- Americans WIN
Battle of Bunker Hill
- Gen Prescott - American
- Gen Howe (Lexington) - british
- ON BREEDS HILL
Outcomes:
1. Be creative to win
2. Need more supplies + ppl to win
Battle of Trenton
- in between BH and Trenton we lost BAD
- George Washington - leader
- Hessains - easy target
- got drunk
- Hessains = hungover - not ready
- battle was over in 1 hour - not a motivating win for soldiers
–> Princeton - cornwalis BIG WIN
Outcomes:
1. gain enlistments / more soldiers
2. boosted continental army’s morale
Battle of Princeton
- Gen Cornwalis - British - hears of Trenton - comes to take it back
- GW sneaks behind cornwalis and attaches him
- most soldiers stayed after this
Outcomes:
1. Soldiers staying + Momentum builds
2. Shows Americans don’t have to cheat to win
Battle of Saratoga
- Gen John Burgoyne - British
- split into 3 groups
- Patriots in Saratoga - knew what Burgoyne was planning
- chopped trees to stop part of the army
- brought the battle to burgoyne’s 1/3 of the army
Outcomes:
1. French gave America their NAVY
2. The idea of diving the army into 2 groups got demolished
Battle of Yorktown
- Virginia
- French Navy –> blockade
- LAST official battle
Outcomes:
1. Treaty of Paris
2. won the AR
Committee of Five
- Thomas Jefferson
- John Adams
- Ben Franklin
- Robert Livingston
- Robert Sherman
- Wrote the Declaration of Independence
The Crisis
- These are the times that need it on review guide
- summer soldiers
Ben Franklin
- “Join or Die”
- member of the 2nd Continental Congress
-member of the committee of FIive
Deborah Sampson
- Soldier
- faked being a man
- first woman to get a pension in the military
Currency Act
- controlled the colonial economy tightly
- Onlt British currency works in the colonies
Sugar Act
- lowered the tax on the molasses in colonies
- was to encourage marcheants to pay less instead of smuggling
Patrick Henry
- politition
- Got ppl to pass manu resolutions so the colonists can tax themselves instead of being taxed by the parliment
Hessians
- German soldiers commisioned by the British
- didn’t care a lot
- were payed before going to America - didn’t have a lot of motivation
Treaty of Paris
- U.S. is independent
- Borders
- Mississippi river to the east coast
- Canada to the top of Florida
- Return all rights and properties to the loyalists AFTER America pays off ALL debt
Tar and Feathering
- a cruel way to publically humiliate a person
- normally used to make a point against the government
Machiavellian
The idea that “the ends justify the means” (used to rationalize slavery, war, etc.)
