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History - 8th grade > Unit 1 - American Revolution > Flashcards

Unit 1 - American Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Age of Exploration

A
  • 15th - 18th Century
  • 1492 - Columbus sailed the ocean blue
  • Vikings
  • Motivations
    • Reformation
    • Renaissance
      • Humanism
      • Individualism
    • New Tech
      • Caravel
      • Astrolabe –> Sextant
  • 3 Gs
    • God, Goods, and Glory
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2
Q

Portugal

A
  • Proved navigation to be profitable
  • put Portugal on the map on navigation
  • Prince Henry the Navigator - “colonized” Africa
  • Vasco de Gamma
  • Ferdinand Magellan
  • Results:
    • Resources + Recognition for Portugal
    • Exploration Inspiration
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3
Q

Spain

A
  • Provided new ways to travel to India + such
  • Established new lands
  • Christopher Columbus
  • Fransisco Pizarro
  • Hernan Cortes
  • conquered LOTS of land
  • got LOTS of riches for Spain
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4
Q

France

A
  • Proved there was long term benefits to expedition
  • Able to colonize + Maintain friendships with Natives
  • Samuel de Champlain, Jaques Cartier, Jaques Marquette
    - worked together as a team
    - targetted canada
    - furs + trade
    - traded with Natives
    - Built military first + trade posts
  • Results:
    - Resources + Opportunities gained
    - Colonization was a GOAL
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5
Q

Britain

A
  • 13 colonies
  • Anglican church/Church of England
  • Focused on colonization to grow empire
  • Jamestown = first colony (almost died but revived)
  • MAJOR player in the AR
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6
Q

Vikings

A
  • 1000 AD
  • Their goal was to plunder (didn’t need land so they stole resources)
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7
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A
  • 1400s
  • loved exploration
  • Opened Navigation School
    - opportunity and motivation
  • Spices in India
    - water route
    - “Colonization” along the way
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8
Q

Vasco de Gama

A
  • 1490
  • Portugal –> India –> Portugal by water
  • a great idea for spice trading
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9
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A
  • 1520s
  • came up with Circumnavigation
    • traveling around the Earth
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10
Q

Christopher Columbus

A
  • 1490s
  • 1492 - Columbus sailed the ocean blue
    - CC landed in the West Indies - thought he was in India
  • Italian born, Spanish sponsored
  • Wanted spices in Asia
    - went from West to East because
    Africa was taken by Portugal
  • Caribbean
    - coconuts, tobacco, corn, potatoes
    (all things Europe had NEVER had)
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11
Q

Hernan Cortez

A
  • 1520s
  • Conquered the Aztec
  • went to Mexico
  • got A LOT of gold
  • used religion as motivation/excuse for conquering
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12
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A
  • 1520s
  • Conquered the Inca
  • went the Chili
  • got A LOT of silver
  • used religion as motivation/excuse for conquering
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13
Q

Renaissance

A

Focused on:
- humanism
- individualism
A revolution

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14
Q

Reformation

A

Personal relationship w/God, NOT the church

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15
Q

Humanism

A

Humans can do amazing things, create, explore and discover new things

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16
Q

Individualism

A

People realized they can do things on their own, as opposed to with the church.

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17
Q

Astrolabe

A

a technology that uses the sun to tell time. Important bc used for exploration

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18
Q

Sextant

A

Astrolabe 2.0 –> it measures time and determines distance. Used for mapping

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19
Q

Caravel

A

A boat with a small hull that only goes short distances bc crew won’t have enough resources to last long

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20
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

1st democratic document stating any rules in Plymouth will be made by ALL.

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21
Q

Squanto

A
  • Influencer for Plymouth colonization
  • translator
  • gave tips for survival
  • kidnapped, brought back to Europe
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22
Q

John Smith

A

-self-appointed leader of Jamestown
- Two Rules:
1. if you don’t work you don’t get food
2. Make alliances with Natives

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23
Q

John Rolfe

A
  • stole tobacco seeds & created tobacco trading for Jamestown.
  • helped trade routes
  • tobacco tasted better = more biz
  • pocahantis
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24
Q

Pocahontas

A
  • Saved John Smith’s life from her dad
  • Gets married to John Rolfe
  • Taken to England, baptized, gets a new name = Elizabeth
  • was used as propaganda to show the “Natives are just like us and are not monsters” (to get people to come to colonies and work)
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25
Q

Tobacco

A
  • addictive and BIG cash crop!
  • opened the trade routes
  • very popular in Europe
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26
Q

Ethics and Economics of slavery

A
  • Ethics = morals and beliefs
    • Colonists knew slavery was not right but they still did it bc of $$
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27
Q

Guerilla Warfare

A
  • ambushing the opponent
  • hiding out in trees
  • shooting from above
    - opponent doesn’t know where the
    bullets are coming from
  • Lexington + concord
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28
Q

Benedict Arnold

A
  • American traitor
  • was an American military officer
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29
Q

Mercantilism

A
  • the belief that it all benefits the mother country
  • Colonies can ONLY trade with Britain
  • this is how Britain ripped off the colonies
  • lead the colonists to smuggle tobacco
    - The king got mad
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30
Q

Boston

A
  • Epicenter of lots of battles and revolutions
  • Boston Tea Party
  • Boston Harbor
  • Boston Massacre
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31
Q

William Penn

A
  • Quaker
  • Pennsylvania
  • Holy Experiment
    • 3 way win
      - Money - William doesn’t die -
      resources
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32
Q

Quakers

A
  • Selection of Christians
  • disliked by Christians - think the Quakers are a cult
  • would wait until someone quaked with the lord’s word
33
Q

Debtors

A
  • if you are in debt –> you go to prison
  • but then the king decided to send them to work off their debt in the colonies
34
Q

James Oglethorpe

A
  • brought Debtors to North America to work off their debt
35
Q

King George III

A
  • possibly died from arsenic poisoning
  • was sick –> gave all of his power to George IV
  • taxation w/out representation
36
Q

French and Indian War

A
  • The British were fighting the French AND the Indians
37
Q

Appalachian Mountains

A
  • Divided the French and the British territories
38
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A
  • all colonists west of the mnts have to come back over to the 13 colonies
    • colonists violate it IMEDIATELY - stay on the west
39
Q

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

A
  • Colonist Protesters
  • rioted lots of people in authoritative standing
  • angry and upset
  • boycotted
  • silver sons of liberty bowl
    - 92 members
40
Q

Sam Adams

A
  • leader of the Sons of Liberty
  • member of the 2nd Continental Congress
    - radical - represented Massecheusets
41
Q

John Adams

A
  • cousins with Sam Adams
  • member of the 2nd Continental Congress
    - radical - represented
42
Q

Boston Massacre

A

A bid Misunderstanding
- chaotic
- Church bell
- Bell = fire on the
- “fire” = confusion
- One shot is fired, everyone r=freaks
- Paul revere - silversmith - makes
BIASED reenactment - everyone believes it

43
Q

Boston Tea Party

A
  • 50 sons of Liberty DUMP $1 MILLION of tea into Boston harbor
  • dressed like Native Americans so they weren’t recognized
  • Intolerable Acts
44
Q

Valley Forge

A
  • camp run by GW
  • soldiers were dying of smallpox
  • Friedrich von Steuben
    • brought order and discipline
    • taught how to use a bayonet
    • made the camp cleanlier
45
Q

Stamp Act

A
  • 1765 - 1766
  • taxes all legal documents
    • newspapers and letters and such
46
Q

Townshend Act

A
  • taxed:
    • glass
    • paint
    • lead
    • TEA
    • paper
47
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

AKA Coercive Acts
- Mass. can’t govern itself
- Instead, it was governed by the British Council of the King
- Strengthened the quartering act
- Punished the community
- UNITED the colonies
- Patrick Henry
- Boston Port is closed until $1,000,000 is payed off

48
Q

Tea Act

A
  • India - cheapest
  • British East India Company - cheap
  • Colonial Tea merchants - make the most money
    - stopped selling bc of boycotts
  • NOT THE TAXATION OF TEA
  • THE MAIN GOAL: to help Britain get out of bankruptcy
49
Q

First Continental Congress

A
  • meeting of colonies
    every colony except Georgie - 56 ppl
  • Discussed ways to have Intolerable Acts repealed
  • didn’t want to declare independence yet
  • In the end: ALL TRADE W/ Britain + Ireland
  • some ppl made soldiers train for possible fight w/ britain
  • some ppl thought fighting would be quick - others knew it would be WAR
50
Q

2nd Continental Congress

A

Goals:
- Finance –> debt and death
- United governments of the 13
colonies w/out uniting them
-state constitutions
- Fight for Independence/Plan for
Independence
Outcomes:
- Continental Army
- Olive Branch Petition
- Declaration of Independence
- Committee of Correspondance
- Articles of Confederation
- Continental Dollar

51
Q

Repeal

A
  • drawback
  • the kind repealed a lot of his acts because of boycotts
52
Q

Zurara

A
  • First Racist
  • Portugal writer
  • convinces the world that enslaving africans is doing them well
53
Q

Declaration of Independence

A
  • Committee of FIVE
  • declared independence from Britain
  • John Hancock signed his name the biggest to make a statement
54
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A
  • John Dickinson
  • a petition sent to the king of England
  • king laugh at it
  • got declined
55
Q

Continental Dollar

A
  • Unified all colonies
  • hard to phase in bc its currency
  • scary for a lot of colonists
  • you had to BELIEVE
  • Used to pay soldiers - motivation
56
Q

Militia

A
  • an “army” of untrained soldiers
57
Q

Minutemen

A
  • a militia
  • READY to fight in a minute
    • slept in their uniforms
  • Trained CONSTANTLY
58
Q

Daniel Morgan

A
  • commander of the sharpshooters
  • lead them to attack the British in the woods
  • played dirty
    -Guerilla Warfare
59
Q

Small Pox

A
  • airborne disease
  • GW found the “vaccine” for it
60
Q

George Washington

A
  • commander/general of the Continental Army
  • member of the 1st and 2nd continental congress
  • won and lost many battles
  • lead America to victory
61
Q

Friedrich von Steuben

A
  • saved valley forge
  • brought order and discipline
  • taught soldiers how to use a bayonet
  • made the camp cleanlier
  • openly gay
62
Q

Battle of Lexington/Concord

A
  • paul revere
  • lights in church steeple
  • all the inventory was in concord - bait
  • 70 minute men - stalled 700 British soldiers in lexington
  • American soldier ambush British - guerilla warfare
  • Americans WIN
63
Q

Battle of Bunker Hill

A
  • Gen Prescott - American
  • Gen Howe (Lexington) - british
  • ON BREEDS HILL
    Outcomes:
    1. Be creative to win
    2. Need more supplies + ppl to win
64
Q

Battle of Trenton

A
  • in between BH and Trenton we lost BAD
  • George Washington - leader
  • Hessains - easy target
    • got drunk
  • Hessains = hungover - not ready
  • battle was over in 1 hour - not a motivating win for soldiers
    –> Princeton - cornwalis BIG WIN
    Outcomes:
    1. gain enlistments / more soldiers
    2. boosted continental army’s morale
65
Q

Battle of Princeton

A
  • Gen Cornwalis - British - hears of Trenton - comes to take it back
  • GW sneaks behind cornwalis and attaches him
  • most soldiers stayed after this
    Outcomes:
    1. Soldiers staying + Momentum builds
    2. Shows Americans don’t have to cheat to win
66
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A
  • Gen John Burgoyne - British
    • split into 3 groups
  • Patriots in Saratoga - knew what Burgoyne was planning
    • chopped trees to stop part of the army
  • brought the battle to burgoyne’s 1/3 of the army
    Outcomes:
    1. French gave America their NAVY
    2. The idea of diving the army into 2 groups got demolished
67
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A
  • Virginia
  • French Navy –> blockade
  • LAST official battle
    Outcomes:
    1. Treaty of Paris
    2. won the AR
68
Q

Committee of Five

A
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • John Adams
  • Ben Franklin
  • Robert Livingston
  • Robert Sherman
  • Wrote the Declaration of Independence
69
Q

The Crisis

A
  • These are the times that need it on review guide
  • summer soldiers
70
Q

Ben Franklin

A
  • “Join or Die”
  • member of the 2nd Continental Congress
    -member of the committee of FIive
71
Q

Deborah Sampson

A
  • Soldier
  • faked being a man
  • first woman to get a pension in the military
72
Q

Currency Act

A
  • controlled the colonial economy tightly
  • Onlt British currency works in the colonies
73
Q

Sugar Act

A
  • lowered the tax on the molasses in colonies
  • was to encourage marcheants to pay less instead of smuggling
74
Q

Patrick Henry

A
  • politition
  • Got ppl to pass manu resolutions so the colonists can tax themselves instead of being taxed by the parliment
75
Q

Hessians

A
  • German soldiers commisioned by the British
  • didn’t care a lot
  • were payed before going to America - didn’t have a lot of motivation
76
Q

Treaty of Paris

A
  • U.S. is independent
  • Borders
    • Mississippi river to the east coast
    • Canada to the top of Florida
  • Return all rights and properties to the loyalists AFTER America pays off ALL debt
77
Q

Tar and Feathering

A
  • a cruel way to publically humiliate a person
  • normally used to make a point against the government
78
Q

Machiavellian

A

The idea that “the ends justify the means” (used to rationalize slavery, war, etc.)

History - 8th grade (4 decks)

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