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FOOT - Ax and Intervx > Unit 1 - A/P Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 - A/P Review Flashcards

1
Q 
How many bones in the foot?
% in human body?
How many articulations?
Ligaments?
Tendons?
Joints?
Intrinsic muscles?
Extrinsic muscles?
What is the largest bone in the foot?
A 
26 bones + 2 sesamoid bones
25%
33 articulations
107 ligaments
100+ tendons
40 joints
19 intrinsic muscles
12 extrinsic
Calcaneus
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2
Q

What parts of the foot act as shock absorbers?

A

heel pad and arches of the foot act

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3
Q

Regions of the foot

A

forefoot, midfoot and rear foot (hindfoot)

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4
Q

Forefoot is comprised of?

A

14 phalanges and five metatarsal bones

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5
Q

The four lateral toes have?

The hallux has?

A

three phalanges

two phalanges

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6
Q

Describe the first metatarsal

A

shortest and strongest

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7
Q

Describe the second metatarsal

Function?

A

longest and the least mobile

bears half of the body weight
balances pressure on the metatarsal heads (ball of the foot) while walking

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8
Q

The fifth metatarsal is noted for?

A

the lateral prominence (styloid process) at its base (which I think is insertion point for tendon of peroneus brevis muscle?)

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9
Q

The midfoot is comprised of?

A

three cuneiform bones medial, intermediate, lateral (first, second and third)

cuboid bone

navicular bones

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10
Q

The bones of the midfoot are connected to the forefoot by?

A

muscles and plantar fascia

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11
Q

The midfoot forms?

Which acts as?

A

the arch of the foot

a shock absorber

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12
Q

The rear foot is comprised of?

A

the talus and calcaneus (heel bone)

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13
Q

The articulation between the calcaneus and talus is called?

A

the subtalar joint

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14
Q

The subtalar joints allows?

But play no role in?

A

inversion and eversion of the foot,

but plays no role in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion.

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15
Q

What is an articulation?

A

“Articulating bones” is simply another way to say “joint”. A joint, or articulating bones, refers to an area where two bones are attached for motion of body parts. It is typically formed by a combination of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage.

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16
Q

The ankle joint is the articulation of?

A

the tibia, fibula and the talus

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17
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

What does this allow?

A

a hinge joint

upward movement (dorsiflexion) and downward movement (plantar flexion)

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18
Q

The bony protrusions at the ankle are called?

A

the medial (tibia) and lateral (fibula) malleolus

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19
Q

The bones and joints of the ankle combine?

To allow for?

A

stability with flexibility

support and propulsion

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20
Q

Three arches of the foot?

A 
medial longitudinal (inside of the foot)
lateral longitudinal (outside of the foot) 
transverse arch
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21
Q

Function of the arches?

A

support the body’s weight
and
provide leverage while walking

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22
Q

Arches can be easily?

What can weaken the arches?

A

Damaged

Excessive body weight

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23
Q

Describe tendons.

A

non-contractile fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

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24
Q

Largest tendon?
Attaches what to what?
To allow for?

A

Achilles tendon
Attaches gastrocnemius to calcaneus
Allows to rise up on toes while walking or running

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25
Function of toe tendons?
allow the toes to dorsiflex and straighten
26
Describe ligaments.
tough, flexible bands of white fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone
27
Ligaments connect bone to bone to?
prevent too much looseness in joints and provide structural stability
28
What is the most important ligament in the foot? | Describe this ligament.
The plantar ligament A wide band that serves the foot from the calcaneus to the base of the metatarsals, forming the arch of the foot.
29
Two muscle systems of the foot
Intrinsic and extrinsic
30
intrinsic muscles intrinsic muscles allow for?
originate and terminate within the foot the finer movements such as moving the toes.
31
extrinsic muscles extrinsic muscles control?
originate in the leg but cross the ankle and terminate in the foot movement of the foot, relative to the leg (plantar flexion and dorsiflexion)
32
The muscles of the lower leg govern?
The movements of the foot
33
Muscles are generally attached where?
on either side of a joint
34
Muscles are generally attached on either side of a joint therefore help to? (2)
hold the bones in place allow the foot to expand and contract to impart movement
35
This is such a bummer. Looks like still need to know intrinsic muscle origin, insertion *AND* *ACTION*. Go back and review decks in Intro.
WAAAAAAH!!!!!!!
36
Primary function of the foot (3)
act as a flexible and adaptable unit during ground contact – providing a stable base act as a rigid lever during propulsion provide shock absorption
37
During normal gait, what touches the ground first? Followed by? Then what? Thennnnn what?
The heel Contact by the 5th metatarsal head As weight is shifted medially across the metatarsal heads, the final propulsive phase occurs from the hallux. One foot bears all the weight until the other heel touches the ground.
38
The normal gait sequence is as follows:
Heel Strike Foot Flat Heel Off Toe Off
39
The integumentary system is composed of?
the skin, hair and nails
40
The skin is divided into 3 layers:
the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).\
41
As individuals age, what happens to the skin?
It becomes dry, thin and loses its elasticity.
42
Factors that place the aging person at risk for skin disease and breakdown? (5)
``` Thinning Decrease in vascularity and nutrients Loss of protective cushioning of the SQ layer Increasingly sedentary lifestyle Chance of immobility ```
43
When skin breakdown does occur, what happens?
wound healing is delayed
44
Functions of the skin? (5)
``` protection prevents penetration sensation thermal regulation wound repair ```
45
Toenails are composed of? | Except?
the same protein as the skin and hair, keratin they have a harder composition
46
What is the purpose of the toenails?
to protect the end of the toes and bones
47
The nail is composed of?
``` matrix nail bed nail plate lanula hyponychium eponychium paronychium ```
48
Matrix
The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed encompasses the nail root dorsally and ventrally and is called the matrix. The matrix is where new keratinized cells are formed
49
Nail bed
a modification of the dermis to which the nail is firmly attached, nail takes on the pinkish color from the highly vascular tissue
50
Nail plate
visible part of the nail, composed of a very hard protein, keratin
51
Lunula
The white opaque crescent area located at the proximal end of the nail. It is white because the blood vessels are deeper to nourish the matrix.
52
Hyponychium
the thin band of thickened epidermis beneath the free edge of the distal nail plate
53
Eponychium aka? definition
(cuticle) the narrow band of skin extending from the proximal end of the nail plate to the skin surface
54
Sulcus
the groove between the skin and the nail on either side of the nail
55
Normal growth and development of the toenail depends on?
adequate nerve and blood supply to the matrix and nail bed
56
What renders the nail bed extremely sensitive?
There are numerous nerve endings in the dermis underlying the nail bed.
57
Issues that may affect the toenail are? (4)
trauma infection nutritional deficiencies some skin diseases
58
Rate of toenail growth?
.05mm per day.
59
The elderly may have difficulty caring for their feet d/t? (3)
failing eyesight lack of hand strength can’t bend over to properly cut their nails
60
The posterior tibial pulse can be felt by?
palpating just behind and below the medial malleolus
61
The dorsalis pedis pulse can be located by?
palpating the dorsum of the foot between the 1st and 2nd cuneiforms at the proximal end of the 1st metatarsal
62
At least one of the pulses should be...
palpable in each foot
63
Define capillaries
very tiny blood vessels that lie between arteries and veins
64
What happens by virtue of capillaries?
As blood travels through the capillaries, nutrients and oxygen move from the blood into the body cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide and other wastes move from the body cells into the blood.
65
How can capillary refill time be evaluated?
Capillary refill time can be evaluated by squeezing a toenail between your fingers. After blanching has occurred, removal of the finger normally results in immediate return of normal skin colour. An acceptable filling time is 2-3 seconds.
66
What are the two types of vein systems in the lower extremities?
deep veins and superficial veins
67
What two factors that assist the movement of blood through deep veins?
valves and skeletal muscle contractions
68
What helps push blood through the veins and toward the heart?
Walking movements, especially the contractions of the calf muscles, apply pressure to the veins.
69
What do valves located within the veins do?
prevent blood from regurgitating
70
What may be present if a deep vein becomes occluded?
edema
71
Appropriate documentation practices related to nursing foot care – demonstrate the ability to document a health history Approrpriate health information will ALWAYS include... (health history interview components) AABCCD GROAN
``` Advanced directives ADL functional assessment Biographical details (name, address, phone, DOB) Current acute or chronic conditions Current meds (incl herbal/natural) Doctor (family physician) ``` General health history of all body systems resp, cardiac, digestion, endocrine, EENT, neuro, musc/skel, psych, surgery Reasons for seeking foot care Other members of the health care team Allergies Next of kin

FOOT - Ax and Intervx (7 decks)

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