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FOOT - Ax and Intervx > Unit 1 - A/P Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 - A/P Review Flashcards

1
Q 
How many bones in the foot?
% in human body?
How many articulations?
Ligaments?
Tendons?
Joints?
Intrinsic muscles?
Extrinsic muscles?
What is the largest bone in the foot?
A 
26 bones + 2 sesamoid bones
25%
33 articulations
107 ligaments
100+ tendons
40 joints
19 intrinsic muscles
12 extrinsic
Calcaneus
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2
Q

What parts of the foot act as shock absorbers?

A

heel pad and arches of the foot act

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3
Q

Regions of the foot

A

forefoot, midfoot and rear foot (hindfoot)

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4
Q

Forefoot is comprised of?

A

14 phalanges and five metatarsal bones

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5
Q

The four lateral toes have?

The hallux has?

A

three phalanges

two phalanges

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6
Q

Describe the first metatarsal

A

shortest and strongest

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7
Q

Describe the second metatarsal

Function?

A

longest and the least mobile

bears half of the body weight
balances pressure on the metatarsal heads (ball of the foot) while walking

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8
Q

The fifth metatarsal is noted for?

A

the lateral prominence (styloid process) at its base (which I think is insertion point for tendon of peroneus brevis muscle?)

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9
Q

The midfoot is comprised of?

A

three cuneiform bones medial, intermediate, lateral (first, second and third)

cuboid bone

navicular bones

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10
Q

The bones of the midfoot are connected to the forefoot by?

A

muscles and plantar fascia

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11
Q

The midfoot forms?

Which acts as?

A

the arch of the foot

a shock absorber

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12
Q

The rear foot is comprised of?

A

the talus and calcaneus (heel bone)

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13
Q

The articulation between the calcaneus and talus is called?

A

the subtalar joint

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14
Q

The subtalar joints allows?

But play no role in?

A

inversion and eversion of the foot,

but plays no role in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion.

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15
Q

What is an articulation?

A

“Articulating bones” is simply another way to say “joint”. A joint, or articulating bones, refers to an area where two bones are attached for motion of body parts. It is typically formed by a combination of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage.

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16
Q

The ankle joint is the articulation of?

A

the tibia, fibula and the talus

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17
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

What does this allow?

A

a hinge joint

upward movement (dorsiflexion) and downward movement (plantar flexion)

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18
Q

The bony protrusions at the ankle are called?

A

the medial (tibia) and lateral (fibula) malleolus

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19
Q

The bones and joints of the ankle combine?

To allow for?

A

stability with flexibility

support and propulsion

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20
Q

Three arches of the foot?

A 
medial longitudinal (inside of the foot)
lateral longitudinal (outside of the foot) 
transverse arch
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21
Q

Function of the arches?

A

support the body’s weight
and
provide leverage while walking

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22
Q

Arches can be easily?

What can weaken the arches?

A

Damaged

Excessive body weight

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23
Q

Describe tendons.

A

non-contractile fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

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24
Q

Largest tendon?
Attaches what to what?
To allow for?

A

Achilles tendon
Attaches gastrocnemius to calcaneus
Allows to rise up on toes while walking or running

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25
Q

Function of toe tendons?

A

allow the toes to dorsiflex and straighten

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26
Q

Describe ligaments.

A

tough, flexible bands of white fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone

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27
Q

Ligaments connect bone to bone to?

A

prevent too much looseness in joints and provide structural stability

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28
Q

What is the most important ligament in the foot?

Describe this ligament.

A

The plantar ligament

A wide band that serves the foot from the calcaneus to the base of the metatarsals, forming the arch of the foot.

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29
Q

Two muscle systems of the foot

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

30
Q

intrinsic muscles

intrinsic muscles allow for?

A

originate and terminate within the foot

the finer movements such as moving the toes.

31
Q

extrinsic muscles

extrinsic muscles control?

A

originate in the leg but cross the ankle and terminate in the foot

movement of the foot, relative to the leg (plantar flexion and dorsiflexion)

32
Q

The muscles of the lower leg govern?

A

The movements of the foot

33
Q

Muscles are generally attached where?

A

on either side of a joint

34
Q

Muscles are generally attached on either side of a joint therefore help to? (2)

A

hold the bones in place

allow the foot to expand and contract to impart movement

35
Q

This is such a bummer.

Looks like still need to know intrinsic muscle origin, insertion AND ACTION.

Go back and review decks in Intro.

A

WAAAAAAH!!!!!!!

36
Q

Primary function of the foot (3)

A

act as a flexible and adaptable unit during ground contact – providing a stable base

act as a rigid lever during propulsion

provide shock absorption

37
Q

During normal gait, what touches the ground first?
Followed by?
Then what?
Thennnnn what?

A

The heel

Contact by the 5th metatarsal head

As weight is shifted medially across the metatarsal heads, the final propulsive phase occurs from the hallux.

One foot bears all the weight until the other heel touches the ground.

38
Q

The normal gait sequence is as follows:

A

Heel Strike
Foot Flat
Heel Off
Toe Off

39
Q

The integumentary system is composed of?

A

the skin, hair and nails

40
Q

The skin is divided into 3 layers:

A

the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).\

41
Q

As individuals age, what happens to the skin?

A

It becomes dry, thin and loses its elasticity.

42
Q

Factors that place the aging person at risk for skin disease and breakdown? (5)

A 
Thinning
Decrease in vascularity and nutrients
Loss of protective cushioning of the SQ layer
Increasingly sedentary lifestyle
Chance of immobility
43
Q

When skin breakdown does occur, what happens?

A

wound healing is delayed

44
Q

Functions of the skin? (5)

A 
protection
prevents penetration
sensation
thermal regulation
wound repair
45
Q

Toenails are composed of?

Except?

A

the same protein as the skin and hair, keratin

they have a harder composition

46
Q

What is the purpose of the toenails?

A

to protect the end of the toes and bones

47
Q

The nail is composed of?

A 
matrix
nail bed
nail plate
lanula
hyponychium
eponychium
paronychium
48
Q

Matrix

A

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed encompasses the nail root dorsally and ventrally and is called the matrix. The matrix is where new keratinized cells are formed

49
Q

Nail bed

A

a modification of the dermis to which the nail is firmly attached, nail takes on the pinkish color from the highly vascular tissue

50
Q

Nail plate

A

visible part of the nail, composed of a very hard protein, keratin

51
Q

Lunula

A

The white opaque crescent area located at the proximal end of the nail. It is white because the blood vessels are deeper to nourish the matrix.

52
Q

Hyponychium

A

the thin band of thickened epidermis beneath the free edge of the distal nail plate

53
Q

Eponychium
aka?
definition

A

(cuticle)

the narrow band of skin extending from the proximal end of the nail plate to the skin surface

54
Q

Sulcus

A

the groove between the skin and the nail on either side of the nail

55
Q

Normal growth and development of the toenail depends on?

A

adequate nerve and blood supply to the matrix and nail bed

56
Q

What renders the nail bed extremely sensitive?

A

There are numerous nerve endings in the dermis underlying the nail bed.

57
Q

Issues that may affect the toenail are? (4)

A

trauma
infection
nutritional deficiencies
some skin diseases

58
Q

Rate of toenail growth?

A

.05mm per day.

59
Q

The elderly may have difficulty caring for their feet d/t? (3)

A

failing eyesight
lack of hand strength
can’t bend over to properly cut their nails

60
Q

The posterior tibial pulse can be felt by?

A

palpating just behind and below the medial malleolus

61
Q

The dorsalis pedis pulse can be located by?

A

palpating the dorsum of the foot between the 1st and 2nd cuneiforms at the proximal end of the 1st metatarsal

62
Q

At least one of the pulses should be…

A

palpable in each foot

63
Q

Define capillaries

A

very tiny blood vessels that lie between arteries and veins

64
Q

What happens by virtue of capillaries?

A

As blood travels through the capillaries, nutrients and oxygen move from the blood into the body cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide and other wastes move from the body cells into the blood.

65
Q

How can capillary refill time be evaluated?

A

Capillary refill time can be evaluated by squeezing a toenail between your fingers.

After blanching has occurred, removal of the finger normally results in immediate return of normal skin colour.

An acceptable filling time is 2-3 seconds.

66
Q

What are the two types of vein systems in the lower extremities?

A

deep veins and superficial veins

67
Q

What two factors that assist the movement of blood through deep veins?

A

valves and skeletal muscle contractions

68
Q

What helps push blood through the veins and toward the heart?

A

Walking movements, especially the contractions of the calf muscles, apply pressure to the veins.

69
Q

What do valves located within the veins do?

A

prevent blood from regurgitating

70
Q

What may be present if a deep vein becomes occluded?

A

edema

71
Q

Appropriate documentation practices related to nursing foot care

– demonstrate the ability to document a health history

Approrpriate health information will ALWAYS include…

(health history interview components)

AABCCD GROAN

A 
Advanced directives
ADL functional assessment 
Biographical details (name, address, phone, DOB)
Current acute or chronic conditions
Current meds (incl herbal/natural)
Doctor (family physician)

General health history of all body systems
resp, cardiac, digestion, endocrine, EENT, neuro, musc/skel, psych, surgery
Reasons for seeking foot care
Other members of the health care team
Allergies
Next of kin

FOOT - Ax and Intervx (7 decks)

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