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Advanced Pathophysiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The neutrophil count increases during the inflammatory process, especially with _______ infections

A

bacterial

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2
Q

Leukocytosis is elevated especially with _____ and _____

A

bacterial infections and tissue injury

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3
Q

Immature forms of neutrophils are called ______, because of the horseshoe shape of their nuclei

A

bands

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4
Q

Largest of the circulating leukocytes

A

macrophages

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5
Q

Arrive at inflammatory site shortly after the neutrophils and perform their phagocytic functions for several days

A

monocytes/macrophages

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6
Q

Important in inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions and allergic disorders

A

eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

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7
Q

Bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE), triggoring the release of histamine and vasoactive agents from the basophil granules

A

Basophils and mast cells

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8
Q

Circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues, similar to neutrophils. Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophils

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9
Q

Secretes histamine (type of WBC)

A

Mast cells

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10
Q

Causes dilation of arterioles and increases permeability of venules, acts at the level of microcirculation by binding to (H1) receptors on endothelial cells

A

Histamine

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11
Q

Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction (inflammatory mediator)

A

Prostaglandins (ASA/NSAIDS block prostaglandin synthesis, helping reduce inflammation)

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12
Q

Inflammatory mediator that effects permeability of postcapillary venules, adhesion properties of endothelial cells, and extravasation/chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes- slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

A

Leukotrienes (LT)

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13
Q

TNF-(alpha) and IL-1 are examples of two major _____

A

cytokines

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14
Q

Features of the release/stimulation of this protein include systemic responses like fever, hypotension, tachycardia, anorexia, release of neutrophils into circulatin and increased levels of corticosteroid hormones

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

Acute inflammatory reactions are characterized by ______ and ______

A

vascular changes and leukocyte infiltration

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16
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A

inflammatory, proliferative and wound contraction/remodeling

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17
Q

transmis infection by self-propagation, no genetic material present

A

prions

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18
Q

smallest obligate intracellular pathogens with no organized cellular structures

A

viruses

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19
Q

incapable of replicating outside of a living cell

A

virus

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20
Q

autonomously replicating unicellular organisms- prokaryotes- lacking an organized nucleus

A

bacteria

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21
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci

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22
Q

bacteria with cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

A

gram positive

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23
Q

bacteria with outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide

A

gram negative

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24
Q

cocci in chains

A

streptococci

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25
Q

cocci in pairs

A

diplococci

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26
Q

cocci in clusters

A

staphylococci

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27
Q

Cells that are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems

A

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

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28
Q

Cell membrane contains different types of protein and carbohydrate molecules embedded in a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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29
Q

diffusion and osmosis

A

passive transport

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30
Q

process by which substances become widely dispersed and reach a uniform concentration because of the energy from their spontaneous kinetic movements

A

diffusion

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31
Q

regulated by the concentration of substances (besides water) on either side of the membrane that cannot diffuse across the membrane through open ion channels- water moves through auqaporins

A

osmosis

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32
Q

Has higher concentrations of sodium, calcium and chloride

A

Extracellular fluid

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33
Q

Has higher concentrations of potassium

A

Intracellular fluid

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34
Q

• Input and use of energy- movement within a cell- focus on concentrations of substances that are needed on either side of the cell

A

Active transport

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35
Q

process by which cells surround and take in materials from their surroundings

A

Endocytosis

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36
Q

process for secretion of intracellular substances into the extracellular spaces

A

Exocytosis

37
Q
  • When cells use an input of energy to move substances against an electrical or chemical gradient
A

Active transport

38
Q

Example of active transport

A

sodium-potassium/ATPase pump

39
Q

control center for cell

A

nucleus

40
Q

sites of protein synthesis made up of rRNA and proteins

A

ribosomes

41
Q

paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

thin vesicles produced in the ER that modifies substances into granules or vesicles and carbohydrates to form glycoproteins

A

Golgi complex/apparatus

43
Q

digestive system of the cell, break down phagocytksed material

A

lysosomes

44
Q

small organelles made up of protein complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus the recognize misinformed and. misfiled proteins that have been targeted for degradation

A

proteasomes

45
Q

power plants of the cell- contain enzymes that change carbon-containing nutrients into energy

A

mitochondria

46
Q

when confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, cells revert to a smaller size and a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival

A

atrophy

47
Q

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue- occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division- epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue- ceases after stimulus has been removed

A

hyperplasia

48
Q

increase in cell size and often tissue mass from increase in workload imposed on an organ or body part

A

hypertrophy

49
Q

a reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type- reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing metaplastic changes- result of chronic irritation and inflammation- substitutions of cells that are better suited for survival under the circumstances

A

metaplasia

50
Q

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

A

dysplasia

51
Q

coating of an antigen with antibody or complement to enhance binding

A

opsonization

52
Q
  • Deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP
A

hypoxic injury

53
Q
  • Inadequate amount of oxygen delivered to cells, impaired removal of metabolic end products such as lactic acid - Commonly affects blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury
A

ischemic cell injury

54
Q
  • Loss of cell membrane integrity and enzymatic breakdown of cell parts, triggering inflammatory process
A

necrosis

55
Q

occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed o Softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents o Moist or wet gangrene- more serious, spreads quickly, can affect internal organs or extremities

A

liquefactive necrosis

56
Q

acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell o Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas o Dry gangrene- result of interference with arterial supply without interference of venous return

A

coagulative necrosis

57
Q

dead cells persist indefinitely o Commonly found in the center of tuberculous granulomas or tubercles

A

caseous necrosis

58
Q

first to be released, present in cells already, released by mast cells

A

histamine

59
Q

20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid found in phospholipids of cell membranes  Release initiates a serious of complex reactions that lead to the production of eicosanoid family of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, LT and related metabolites)

A

arachidonic acid metabolites

60
Q

this pathway makes prostaglandins and thromboxane o Prostaglandins promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction (ASA/NSAIDs block 1st enzyme in this pathway)

A

cyclooxyegenase pathway (arachidonic acid metabolite- inflammatory mediator)

61
Q

this pathway makes leukotrienes

A

lipoxygenase pathway (arachidonic acid metabolite- inflammatory mediator)

62
Q

An inflammatory mediator that activates neutrophils and is an eosinophil chemoattractant

A

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

63
Q

An inflammatory mediator that increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels and pain

A

bradykinin, part of plasma proteins

64
Q

mediate inflammation • major source is activated macrophages but also produced by other leukocytes and cells in the body • fever, hypotension, tachycardia, anorexia and release of neutrophils into circulation, increased levels of corticosteroid hormones

A

cytokines

65
Q

act to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells • inflammatory are produced in response to bacterial toxins and inflammatory cytokines- they recruit leukocytes during inflammatory response • homing direct chemotaxis to responsive cells

A

chemokines

66
Q

steps to phacocytosis

A
  1. margination and adhesion 2. transmigration across endothelium 3. chemotaxis 4. activation and phagocytosis
67
Q

single cell-thick lining of blood vessels forming a selective permeable barrier between the circulating blood in the vessles and the surrounding tissues  Produce antiplatelets and antithrombotic agents that maintain vessel patency  Produce vasoconstrictors and vasodilators that regulate blood flow

A

endothelial cells

68
Q

formed elements circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis  Also release a number of potent inflammatory mediators (an activated platelet releases over 300 proteins)

A

platelets

69
Q

phagocytic leukocytes that express a number of surface receptors and molecules that are involved in their activation

A

neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages

70
Q

infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes rather than influx of neutrophils and proliferation of fibroblasts rather than exudates o Low grade persistent infections or irritants- talc, silica, asbestos and surgical suture materials

A

chronic inflammation

71
Q

1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: occurs with minor injury o develops after injury and is usually reversible and of short duration (15-30 minutes) o affects venules 20-60um in giameter, leaving capillaries and arterioles unaffected

A

immediate transient response

72
Q

1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: occurs with more serious types of injury o continues for several days o affects the arterioles, capillaries and venules, generally because of direct damage of the endothelium o neutrophils that adhere to the endothelium may also injure the endothelial cells

A

immediate sustained response

73
Q

1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: increased permeability occurs in the venules and capillaries o accompanies injuries caused by radiation (like sunburn) o mechanism of the leakage is unknown but may result in direct effect of the injurious agent, leading to delayed endothelial damage

A

delayed hemodynamic response

74
Q

3 components of inflammation response

A

acute-phase response, WBC response, lymphadenitis

75
Q
  • Mechanism of both innate and adaptive immunity that allows the body to localize infection and destroy invading microorganisms - Composed of groups of proteins found in the circulation and in extracellular fluid
A

Complement system

76
Q

Complement pathway: initiated by an antigen-antibody complex (IgG or IgM), which causes a specific reactive site on the antibody to be “uncovered” so it can bind directly to the C1 molecule in the complement system 1. requires binding of the specific antigen/antibody

A

Classical

77
Q

Complement pathway: activated by certain bacterial carbohydrates (follows similar path as classic pathway)

A

Lectin

78
Q

Complement pathway: number of things can activate this pathway including: 1. endotoxin release alone can initiate it 2. alternative pathway is considered first line of defense as it initiates chemotaxis (starts PMNs migrating to the site) 3. this pathway functions in the absence of antibody formation

A

Alternative

79
Q

3 stages of complement system

A
  1. initiation/activation 2. amplification of inflammation 3. late-stage membrane attack response
80
Q

Same similarity as ICF and ECF- no change in cell will occur

A

Isotonic fluid- D5W, NS, LR

81
Q

Lower concentration and more dilute than body fluids- will pull into cells and cause them to swell or burst

A

Hypotonic- water

82
Q

Greater concentration than ECF and ICF- will pull water out and cause cell to shrink

A

Hypertonic solution- 3% NS

83
Q

At bioactive substance that exerts physiologic or pathophysiologic changes in the body cells or tissues

A

Mediator

84
Q

Chemical mediators which cause airway constriction and increased intestinal permeability leading to increased bacterial translocation in the gut

A

Leukotrienes

85
Q

Pathological increase in core temp not from cytokines- environmental

A

Hyperthermia

86
Q

Autosomal dominant disease- causes abnormal release of calcium- leads to uncontrollable muscle contractions- causes spike in temp.

A

Malignant hyperthermia- treatment is dantrolene

87
Q

Mature neutrophils

A

Polys, segs

88
Q

Left shift means

A

Increase number of immature neutrophils seen in the blood

Advanced Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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