Unit 1 Flashcards
The neutrophil count increases during the inflammatory process, especially with _______ infections
bacterial
Leukocytosis is elevated especially with _____ and _____
bacterial infections and tissue injury
Immature forms of neutrophils are called ______, because of the horseshoe shape of their nuclei
bands
Largest of the circulating leukocytes
macrophages
Arrive at inflammatory site shortly after the neutrophils and perform their phagocytic functions for several days
monocytes/macrophages
Important in inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions and allergic disorders
eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
Bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE), triggoring the release of histamine and vasoactive agents from the basophil granules
Basophils and mast cells
Circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues, similar to neutrophils. Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
Secretes histamine (type of WBC)
Mast cells
Causes dilation of arterioles and increases permeability of venules, acts at the level of microcirculation by binding to (H1) receptors on endothelial cells
Histamine
Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction (inflammatory mediator)
Prostaglandins (ASA/NSAIDS block prostaglandin synthesis, helping reduce inflammation)
Inflammatory mediator that effects permeability of postcapillary venules, adhesion properties of endothelial cells, and extravasation/chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes- slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Leukotrienes (LT)
TNF-(alpha) and IL-1 are examples of two major _____
cytokines
Features of the release/stimulation of this protein include systemic responses like fever, hypotension, tachycardia, anorexia, release of neutrophils into circulatin and increased levels of corticosteroid hormones
Cytokines
Acute inflammatory reactions are characterized by ______ and ______
vascular changes and leukocyte infiltration
3 phases of wound healing
inflammatory, proliferative and wound contraction/remodeling
transmis infection by self-propagation, no genetic material present
prions
smallest obligate intracellular pathogens with no organized cellular structures
viruses
incapable of replicating outside of a living cell
virus
autonomously replicating unicellular organisms- prokaryotes- lacking an organized nucleus
bacteria
spherical bacteria
cocci
bacteria with cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
gram positive
bacteria with outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide
gram negative
cocci in chains
streptococci
cocci in pairs
diplococci
cocci in clusters
staphylococci
Cells that are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Dendritic Cells (DCs)
Cell membrane contains different types of protein and carbohydrate molecules embedded in a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model
diffusion and osmosis
passive transport
process by which substances become widely dispersed and reach a uniform concentration because of the energy from their spontaneous kinetic movements
diffusion
regulated by the concentration of substances (besides water) on either side of the membrane that cannot diffuse across the membrane through open ion channels- water moves through auqaporins
osmosis
Has higher concentrations of sodium, calcium and chloride
Extracellular fluid
Has higher concentrations of potassium
Intracellular fluid
• Input and use of energy- movement within a cell- focus on concentrations of substances that are needed on either side of the cell
Active transport
process by which cells surround and take in materials from their surroundings
Endocytosis
process for secretion of intracellular substances into the extracellular spaces
Exocytosis
- When cells use an input of energy to move substances against an electrical or chemical gradient
Active transport
Example of active transport
sodium-potassium/ATPase pump
control center for cell
nucleus
sites of protein synthesis made up of rRNA and proteins
ribosomes
paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cells
endoplasmic reticulum
thin vesicles produced in the ER that modifies substances into granules or vesicles and carbohydrates to form glycoproteins
Golgi complex/apparatus
digestive system of the cell, break down phagocytksed material
lysosomes
small organelles made up of protein complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus the recognize misinformed and. misfiled proteins that have been targeted for degradation
proteasomes
power plants of the cell- contain enzymes that change carbon-containing nutrients into energy
mitochondria
when confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, cells revert to a smaller size and a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival
atrophy
an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue- occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division- epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue- ceases after stimulus has been removed
hyperplasia
increase in cell size and often tissue mass from increase in workload imposed on an organ or body part
hypertrophy
a reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type- reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing metaplastic changes- result of chronic irritation and inflammation- substitutions of cells that are better suited for survival under the circumstances
metaplasia
deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization
dysplasia
coating of an antigen with antibody or complement to enhance binding
opsonization
- Deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP
hypoxic injury
- Inadequate amount of oxygen delivered to cells, impaired removal of metabolic end products such as lactic acid - Commonly affects blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury
ischemic cell injury
- Loss of cell membrane integrity and enzymatic breakdown of cell parts, triggering inflammatory process
necrosis
occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed o Softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents o Moist or wet gangrene- more serious, spreads quickly, can affect internal organs or extremities
liquefactive necrosis
acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell o Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas o Dry gangrene- result of interference with arterial supply without interference of venous return
coagulative necrosis
dead cells persist indefinitely o Commonly found in the center of tuberculous granulomas or tubercles
caseous necrosis
first to be released, present in cells already, released by mast cells
histamine
20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid found in phospholipids of cell membranes Release initiates a serious of complex reactions that lead to the production of eicosanoid family of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, LT and related metabolites)
arachidonic acid metabolites
this pathway makes prostaglandins and thromboxane o Prostaglandins promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction (ASA/NSAIDs block 1st enzyme in this pathway)
cyclooxyegenase pathway (arachidonic acid metabolite- inflammatory mediator)
this pathway makes leukotrienes
lipoxygenase pathway (arachidonic acid metabolite- inflammatory mediator)
An inflammatory mediator that activates neutrophils and is an eosinophil chemoattractant
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
An inflammatory mediator that increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels and pain
bradykinin, part of plasma proteins
mediate inflammation • major source is activated macrophages but also produced by other leukocytes and cells in the body • fever, hypotension, tachycardia, anorexia and release of neutrophils into circulation, increased levels of corticosteroid hormones
cytokines
act to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells • inflammatory are produced in response to bacterial toxins and inflammatory cytokines- they recruit leukocytes during inflammatory response • homing direct chemotaxis to responsive cells
chemokines
steps to phacocytosis
- margination and adhesion 2. transmigration across endothelium 3. chemotaxis 4. activation and phagocytosis
single cell-thick lining of blood vessels forming a selective permeable barrier between the circulating blood in the vessles and the surrounding tissues Produce antiplatelets and antithrombotic agents that maintain vessel patency Produce vasoconstrictors and vasodilators that regulate blood flow
endothelial cells
formed elements circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis Also release a number of potent inflammatory mediators (an activated platelet releases over 300 proteins)
platelets
phagocytic leukocytes that express a number of surface receptors and molecules that are involved in their activation
neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes rather than influx of neutrophils and proliferation of fibroblasts rather than exudates o Low grade persistent infections or irritants- talc, silica, asbestos and surgical suture materials
chronic inflammation
1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: occurs with minor injury o develops after injury and is usually reversible and of short duration (15-30 minutes) o affects venules 20-60um in giameter, leaving capillaries and arterioles unaffected
immediate transient response
1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: occurs with more serious types of injury o continues for several days o affects the arterioles, capillaries and venules, generally because of direct damage of the endothelium o neutrophils that adhere to the endothelium may also injure the endothelial cells
immediate sustained response
1 of 3 vascular changes that occur with injury: increased permeability occurs in the venules and capillaries o accompanies injuries caused by radiation (like sunburn) o mechanism of the leakage is unknown but may result in direct effect of the injurious agent, leading to delayed endothelial damage
delayed hemodynamic response
3 components of inflammation response
acute-phase response, WBC response, lymphadenitis
- Mechanism of both innate and adaptive immunity that allows the body to localize infection and destroy invading microorganisms - Composed of groups of proteins found in the circulation and in extracellular fluid
Complement system
Complement pathway: initiated by an antigen-antibody complex (IgG or IgM), which causes a specific reactive site on the antibody to be “uncovered” so it can bind directly to the C1 molecule in the complement system 1. requires binding of the specific antigen/antibody
Classical
Complement pathway: activated by certain bacterial carbohydrates (follows similar path as classic pathway)
Lectin
Complement pathway: number of things can activate this pathway including: 1. endotoxin release alone can initiate it 2. alternative pathway is considered first line of defense as it initiates chemotaxis (starts PMNs migrating to the site) 3. this pathway functions in the absence of antibody formation
Alternative
3 stages of complement system
- initiation/activation 2. amplification of inflammation 3. late-stage membrane attack response
Same similarity as ICF and ECF- no change in cell will occur
Isotonic fluid- D5W, NS, LR
Lower concentration and more dilute than body fluids- will pull into cells and cause them to swell or burst
Hypotonic- water
Greater concentration than ECF and ICF- will pull water out and cause cell to shrink
Hypertonic solution- 3% NS
At bioactive substance that exerts physiologic or pathophysiologic changes in the body cells or tissues
Mediator
Chemical mediators which cause airway constriction and increased intestinal permeability leading to increased bacterial translocation in the gut
Leukotrienes
Pathological increase in core temp not from cytokines- environmental
Hyperthermia
Autosomal dominant disease- causes abnormal release of calcium- leads to uncontrollable muscle contractions- causes spike in temp.
Malignant hyperthermia- treatment is dantrolene
Mature neutrophils
Polys, segs
Left shift means
Increase number of immature neutrophils seen in the blood
