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ANIA EXAM oct 7th > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s nuclear fission and when was it discovered?

A

Nuclear Fission involves splitting atoms into smaller parts to release large amounts of energy.

Discovered in the early 1930s

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2
Q

When did henri bequrel discover radioactivity?

A

1986

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3
Q

When did einstein forumlate his equestion of E=mc2

A

1905 - it demonstrated that a small amount of matter could be converted into a large amount of energy

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4
Q

Neils Bohr

A

By understanding different isotopes of elements, NB demonstrated that nuclear fission was more likely to occur in uranium 235 than uranium 238. And that fission occurred more effectively with slow moving neutrons

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5
Q

When did the world’s first fission reactor start?

A

In 1942 in the US

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6
Q

What did Otto Hanh, Lisa Meitner and Fritz Strassman discover?

A

Demonstrated that neutrons released during the nuclear fission process could go on to cause fission of other nucleir, providing a self-sustaining chain reaction to generate a fuck ton of energy

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of an element with the same atomic number but different atomic mass

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8
Q

Natural uranium ore contains

A

0.7% of uranium 235

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9
Q

Bohr and Wheeler published their paper on the fission process

A

1939

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10
Q

Hahn and Strassman demonstrated a chain reaction

A

1939

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11
Q

Francis Perrin discovered the uranium critical mass

A

1939

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12
Q

Natural uranium ore contains only 0.7% of uranium 235. What process was
developed that would increase the percentage of the uranium 235 isotope?

A

An Enrichment Process. Development of these concepts resulteed in the creation of the first nuclear weapons.

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13
Q

Complete the missing details in this table on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs

Name

Fuel

Design

A

Hiroshima. Name: Little Boy Fuel: Uranium 235 Design: Uranium-fuelled ‘gun-type’ fission design.

Little boy fired one quantity of uranium 235 at another to combine the two. This created the critical mass, which set off the fission chain reaction.

Nagasaki - Fat Man. Plutonium Implosion Bomb. The bomb used conventional explosives around a plutonium mass to quickly squeeze the plutonium. The increased density brought the plutonium to its critical mass, triggering the fission chain reaction.

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14
Q

When did UK’s first atomic bomb detonate?

A

hurricane detonated in 1952 in Australia

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15
Q

When did the US army take over the nuclear ressearch with the manhattan project

A

1942

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16
Q

when did british and american sign agreement for brit to hand reports to us

A

1943

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17
Q

When did UK first conduct their nuclear tests in Aus?

A

1952 (aus were subject to small doses of rad from nuclear fallout)

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18
Q

When was the McMahon act of 1946 eased to faciliate nuclear cooperation?

A

1957 between uk and us

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19
Q

When was the ‘mutual defence agreement made

A

1958, sped up the british ballistic missile developemtn

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20
Q

When and Why was atmospheric testing banned

A

1963

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21
Q

When was the nuclear proliferation treaty created?

A

1970

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22
Q 
Windscales Piles Timeline:
1940: 
1950:
1957: 
1957 - 1961: 
1980: 
1993: 
2019:
A

1940: Construction
1950: Initial Operation
1957: Accident leading to shutdown
1957 - 1961: defuelling/decontamination
1980: decomissioning
1993: Began work on pile 1 decomissioning
2019: decomissioning of pile 1 tower

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23
Q

purpose of windscale piles ?

A

produce plutonium for the uk nuclear weapons programme and develop reprocessing techniques for the nuclear fuel cycle

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24
Q

windscales reactor design?

A

each reactor comprised of octagonal stack of graphite blocks surrounded by 2 metre concrete bio shield. with 3340 fuel channels into which fuel was loaded from the front face of the pile (reactor core)

25
Q

What’s the purpose of moderators?

A

Slowing down neutrons emited from the nucleir during nuclear fission and to the concept of controlling the chain reaction to control the rate of production of energy.

26
Q

When was the atomic energy research establishment created

A

1946

27
Q

Why did windscale pile reactors built?

A

to generate weapons grade plutonium

28
Q

When was the first uranium sep plan. made in capenhurst

A

1954

29
Q

UK Atomic Energy Aurthority established?

A

1954

30
Q

Calder Hall reactors first to generate electricity for the grid?

A

1956

31
Q

When was the Nuclear Installations Act established

A

1959

32
Q

When and Why was the Berkely Reactor (Magnox) operatational?

A

1962 for electricity solely

33
Q

When did government announce advanced gas reactors (AGR) and how much energy to they produce

A

1964 and 8 GWe

34
Q

When were the AGR stations at and when?

A

1967 Dungenes Hinkley B Hunterston B

35
Q

When was Biritish Nuclear Fuels established?

A

1972

36
Q

Major milestones for UK Nuclear in 1980s?

A

Public enquiry for the first PWR in sizewell B in 1983. It’s approved in 1987, to begin construction a year afgter

37
Q

Major milestones for UK Nuclear in 1990s?

A

Govertnment privatises AGR and PWR plans. Magnox remains in goverment ownership. Nuclear electric and scottish nuclear formed.

All in 1996

38
Q

When was the NDA made and why?

A

2005 Nuclear Decomissioning Authority NDA established under the ‘The ENergy Act’ to manage and oversee decomissioning and waste lefgacy. NDA take ownership of Magnox, Sellafield and Springfieldss and UKAEA sites

39
Q

Major milestones for UK Nuclear In 2008 and 2009?

A

Government formally back a new generation of nuclear power plans aneight sites identified for nuclear new build in the UK

40
Q

Major milestones for UK Nuclear in 2010’s’

A

in 2013 ONR frant nuclear site license to EDF to install EPR reactors at Hinkley Point C

Construction has behin at Hinkley point C

41
Q

What was the initial reasoning behind nuclear power?

A

Overtime it would become cheaper than other options except hydroelectric power

Use of a devastating technology for good

Perceived as kinder to environment than coal and foil fired power stations.

Reliance on oil for energy supplies worried the governemnt for future needs.

42
Q

Why was the civil nuclear industry developed in 1947?

A

To ensure a continuous energy supply once oil and coal reserves were exhausted

43
Q

How are fast reactors sustained?

A

By fast neutrons, rather than thermal neutrons as used in thermal-neutron reactors.

44
Q

When did research into fast reactors begin?

A

In the 1940s and ran in parraell to resarch into thermal reactors.

45
Q

Which was was chosen as the fast reactor programme?

A

Dourneay with design support from Risley. DFR was the first fast reactor to provide electtricity to the NAtional Grid. Prototype Fast Reactor was also built at Dounreay and started operation in 1974

46
Q

What do you know about calder hall?

A

Chistopher hinton began designing in 1952.

It’s gas cooled, graphite moderated reactor in which the fuel was kept in a non-oxidising magnesium alloy (mannox can

Reactor one was formally opened in 1956 and was the world’s first industrial scale nuclear power station.

It is the word’s first industrial scale nuclear power station,

Calder hall was a prototype of the magnox gas cooled reactor and overtime three more reactors were constructed at the site and operated successfully over 47 years

calder hall reacrtors generated enough electrciity to serve a city of 1500000 people.

It was closed down in 2003 and later became a part of Sellafield

47
Q

3 reactor types built in the UK?

A

AGR- advanced gas-cooled reactors
PWR- Pressurised water reactor
Fast Breeder Reactors

48
Q

UK Magnox programme consists of

A

Nine stations, each consist of 2 reactos we a combined capacity of 4000 MW

49
Q

When did Berkley and Bradwell stations begin construction and close?

A

1956 to 1989

50
Q

What are research reactors?

A

They’re not used as a power source but for reasearch, training andalysis , materials testing , industrial processing or production of radioisotopes for medicine.,

51
Q

What are the AWE?

A

Atomic Weapons establishment provides and maintains the warheads for the UK defence nuclear programme.

52
Q

How does nuclear relate to medicine?

A

Radioactivity is usedf in medicine in radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging. Can be used to treat conditions such as cnacer by weakending or destroying specfici cells.

53
Q

What are enrichment facilities?

A

Most of the world’ power eactors need uranium to be enriched before it can be used as fuel.

UE involves taking the product of mining - uranium oxide power, then increasing the concentration of uranium 235 isotope, which is the essential component of nuclear fuel.

Enrichment is often done using a centrifuge to seperate uranium 235 from the heavier urannium 238 isotope

54
Q

What’s fuel fabrication

A

Final part of the process of turning uranium into nuclear fuel rods within assemblies to power reactors.

Nuclear fiel assemblies vary and are specifically designed for each type of reactor and made to exacting standards.

55
Q

What’s reprocessing?

A

Reprocessing of spent fuel involves the seperation of uranium and plutonium from nuclear waste products by dissolving the fuel in nitric acid to maximise use of its components. Reprocessing was initiallty introduced to extract plutonium from spent nuclear fuel for use in nuclear weapons

Commercial scale reprocessing was a major part of the uk nuclear industry at the sellafield site until 2018.

56
Q

Spent fuel comprises of?

A

magnox agr and pwr reactors comprises about 96% uranium, 1% plutonium and 3% nuclear waste. This fuel can be reprocessed. then converted, enriched and fabricated into new aGR or PWR fuel elements.

57
Q

Modern Developments in Nuclear?

A

Research into fusion and Small Modular Reactors.

Research is being carried out into the creator of power via nuclear fusion, which involves combining two nuclei to form a heavier nuclear, expelling a neutron. As with nuclear fission, energy is released during this process.

58
Q

What are SMRs

A

SMRs (advanced Nuclear technlogies) are smaller than conventional reactors and are designed so they can be fabricated off site in a factory environment.. The components are then transported to site, meaning they can be constructed in modular fashion, reducing construction isk and cost.

ANIA EXAM oct 7th (3 decks)

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