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Biology Prelim > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a multicellular organism

A

An organism with multiple cells

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2
Q

What does a cell membrane do

A

Controls what molecules can enter and leave the cells, it is also selectively permeable

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3
Q

What does a cell wall do

A

It gives strength and support to plant cells. It is freely permeable and ,made of cellulose fibres and is also only found in plant cells

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4
Q

What does a nucleus do

A

It controls cell activities. It contains chromosomes made of DNA which carries the genetic code

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5
Q

What does a mitochondria do

A

It is the site aerobic respiration and ATP production

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6
Q

What does a vacuole do

A

It contains water and dissolved substance e.g. sugar and salts stores as cell sap. Helps maintain turgor of cells

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7
Q

What does a ribosome do

A

It is the site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is a plasmid

A

It is a small ring of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA within a cell

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of microbes

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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11
Q

Passive transport occurs………. and………

A

Down a concentration gradient and does not require energy

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12
Q

Examples of passive transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis

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13
Q

What is diffusion

A

It is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration

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14
Q

What is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water molecules from a HWC to a LWC through a selectively permeable membrane

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15
Q

How can damage do the membrane be caused

A

High temperatures (which denatures the the protein in the membrane

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16
Q

Examples of substances that diffusion allow to enter/leave the cell

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose

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17
Q

What is active transport

A

It is the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration across a plasma membrane, it occurs against the concentration gradient, it requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules against the concentration gradient

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18
Q

What does a hypertonic solution do to a animal cell

A

It shrinks

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19
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on an animal cell

A

The cell swells and it can burst

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20
Q

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a plant cell

A

It becomes plasmolysed

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21
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a plant cell

A

Cell becomes turgid

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22
Q

What is the function of dna

A

DNA carries the complete genetic information of an organism In the form of a code

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23
Q

What does the genetic code of DNA determine

A

The sequence of amino acids to make a protein

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24
Q

What is DNA’s full name

A

DeoxyriboNucleic acid

25
Q

What are the four DNA bases

A

Adenine,thymine,cytosine, guanine

26
Q

What are amino joined together by

A

Peptide bonds

27
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messenger RNA is a molecule which carries a complimentary copy of the genetic code from the dna, in the nucleus,to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

28
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

29
Q

How many typed of amino acids are there

A

Around 20

30
Q

Name 4 functions of proteins

A

Enzymes, hormones,antibodies, structural

31
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

32
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction

33
Q

What are enzymes made of

A

Proteins

34
Q

On the surface of an enzyme molecule there is….

A

Active site

35
Q

An enzyme is said to be….. to its …

…

A

Specific , substrate

36
Q

An enzyme and it’s substrate are like a….

A

Lock and key

37
Q

What does HPCOW stand for

A

Hydrogen peroxide, catalase, oxygen, water

38
Q

Two factors enzymes can be affected by

A

Temperature, pH

39
Q

What causes more collisions between enzyme and substrate

A

Heat energy

40
Q

What does denatured mean

A

A change in shape which effects the rate of reaction

41
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

When genetic information is transferred from one cell to another through genetic engineering

42
Q

What is respiration

A

The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by cells through a series of enzyme controller reactions called respiration

43
Q

What does aerobic respiration require

A

Oxygen

44
Q

In the process of respiration,What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used to generate

A

ATP

45
Q

What is ATP’s full name

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

46
Q

Name 4 cell processes which require ATP

A

Active transport, cell division, muscle contraction, protein synthesis

47
Q

What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP

A

ATP —> ADP + Pi + energy

48
Q

What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration called

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

Where does stage 1 of aerobic respiration take place

A

Cytoplasm

50
Q

Does stage 1 of aerobic respiration require oxygen

A

No

51
Q

What does stage 2 of aerobic respiration require

A

Oxygen

52
Q

Where does stage 2 of aerobic respiration start and end

A

It starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria

53
Q

Large amounts of mitochondria require what?

A

Large amounts of energy

54
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in fermentation in animal cells

A

Lactate + 2 ATP

55
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in fermentation in plant and yeast cells

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol + 2 ATP

56
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + many ATP

57
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation in plant and yeast cells

A

Glucose —> pyruvate—>ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

58
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation in animal cells

A

Glucose —> pyruvate—>lactate + 2 ATP

59
Q

What is a respirometer

A

A device used to measure the rate of respiration

Biology Prelim (2 decks)

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