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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a multicellular organism

A

An organism with multiple cells

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2
Q

What does a cell membrane do

A

Controls what molecules can enter and leave the cells, it is also selectively permeable

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3
Q

What does a cell wall do

A

It gives strength and support to plant cells. It is freely permeable and ,made of cellulose fibres and is also only found in plant cells

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4
Q

What does a nucleus do

A

It controls cell activities. It contains chromosomes made of DNA which carries the genetic code

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5
Q

What does a mitochondria do

A

It is the site aerobic respiration and ATP production

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6
Q

What does a vacuole do

A

It contains water and dissolved substance e.g. sugar and salts stores as cell sap. Helps maintain turgor of cells

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7
Q

What does a ribosome do

A

It is the site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is a plasmid

A

It is a small ring of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA within a cell

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of microbes

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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11
Q

Passive transport occurs………. and………

A

Down a concentration gradient and does not require energy

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12
Q

Examples of passive transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis

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13
Q

What is diffusion

A

It is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration

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14
Q

What is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water molecules from a HWC to a LWC through a selectively permeable membrane

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15
Q

How can damage do the membrane be caused

A

High temperatures (which denatures the the protein in the membrane

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16
Q

Examples of substances that diffusion allow to enter/leave the cell

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose

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17
Q

What is active transport

A

It is the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration across a plasma membrane, it occurs against the concentration gradient, it requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules against the concentration gradient

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18
Q

What does a hypertonic solution do to a animal cell

A

It shrinks

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19
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on an animal cell

A

The cell swells and it can burst

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20
Q

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a plant cell

A

It becomes plasmolysed

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21
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a plant cell

A

Cell becomes turgid

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22
Q

What is the function of dna

A

DNA carries the complete genetic information of an organism In the form of a code

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23
Q

What does the genetic code of DNA determine

A

The sequence of amino acids to make a protein

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24
Q

What is DNA’s full name

A

DeoxyriboNucleic acid

25
What are the four DNA bases
Adenine,thymine,cytosine, guanine
26
What are amino joined together by
Peptide bonds
27
What is mRNA
Messenger RNA is a molecule which carries a complimentary copy of the genetic code from the dna, in the nucleus,to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
28
Where is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
29
How many typed of amino acids are there
Around 20
30
Name 4 functions of proteins
Enzymes, hormones,antibodies, structural
31
What is an enzyme
A biological catalyst
32
What is a catalyst
A substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction
33
What are enzymes made of
Proteins
34
On the surface of an enzyme molecule there is....
Active site
35
An enzyme is said to be..... to its ... | ...
Specific , substrate
36
An enzyme and it’s substrate are like a....
Lock and key
37
What does HPCOW stand for
Hydrogen peroxide, catalase, oxygen, water
38
Two factors enzymes can be affected by
Temperature, pH
39
What causes more collisions between enzyme and substrate
Heat energy
40
What does denatured mean
A change in shape which effects the rate of reaction
41
What is genetic engineering
When genetic information is transferred from one cell to another through genetic engineering
42
What is respiration
The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by cells through a series of enzyme controller reactions called respiration
43
What does aerobic respiration require
Oxygen
44
In the process of respiration,What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose used to generate
ATP
45
What is ATP’s full name
Adenosine Triphosphate
46
Name 4 cell processes which require ATP
Active transport, cell division, muscle contraction, protein synthesis
47
What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP
ATP —> ADP + Pi + energy
48
What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration called
Glycolysis
49
Where does stage 1 of aerobic respiration take place
Cytoplasm
50
Does stage 1 of aerobic respiration require oxygen
No
51
What does stage 2 of aerobic respiration require
Oxygen
52
Where does stage 2 of aerobic respiration start and end
It starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria
53
Large amounts of mitochondria require what?
Large amounts of energy
54
What is pyruvate converted into in fermentation in animal cells
Lactate + 2 ATP
55
What is pyruvate converted into in fermentation in plant and yeast cells
Carbon dioxide and ethanol + 2 ATP
56
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + many ATP
57
What is the word equation for fermentation in plant and yeast cells
Glucose —> pyruvate—>ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP
58
What is the word equation for fermentation in animal cells
Glucose —> pyruvate—>lactate + 2 ATP
59
What is a respirometer
A device used to measure the rate of respiration

Biology Prelim (2 decks)

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