Unit 1 Flashcards
Structural Methods
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Functional Methods
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional MRI`
Nuerostimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Computerized tomoggraphy
Uses rotating x-ray sources and sensors
Detects strength of x-ray after passes through body structure
-produces structural images of brain
+good for bones, fast and inexpensive
- bad for soft tissue structures, invasive because of x-ray exposure
MRI
proton spins align in presence of strong magnetic field
- RF pulse excites single slice and changes magnetic spins
- time to recovery T1 and T2 is dependent on tissue type and density
DTI
uses MRI technology
- detects water motion in different directions
- used to identify structure of white matter tracts connecting brain regions
EEg
- uses electrode cap
- detects gross electrical activity from brain through scalp
- only works for synchronized firing of large groups of neurons
PET
-uses radioactive tracer and detector
-detects radioavtivity as tracer is metabolized throughout the brain
poor spatial and temporal resolution - more useful for measuring chemicals changes in brain
fMRI
- uses magnetic field
- based on blood oxygen levels
- detects change in oxygen levels in blood after neurons are activated
DBS
- pacemaker for the brain
- surgical implant to stimulate target brain region
- shows intraoperative as well as short-term and long-term post-operative effects
- useful in treating parkinson’s disease and sever depression
- invasive
TMS
Use magnetic coil to change brain activity in target region•Only currently works well for large areas of cortex•Non-invasive and becoming used more frequently
agonist vs antagonist
-agonist causes an action and an antagonist blocks that action
afferent division
sensory nerves and receptors
efferent division
motor nerves and targets
somatic division
voluntary- moving a limb or an arm
autonomic division
regulates the involuntary -parasympathetic - homeostasis vs sympathetic division - the body’s response to perceived threat, fight or flight
parts of the spinal chord
Cervical - C1-8 Thoracic - T1-12 Lumbar- L1-5 Sacral S1-5 Coccygael Co1
I Olfactory
smell
II Optic
vission
III Oculomotor Nerve
eye movement,
IV Trochlear Nerve
rotation, (all clear)
V Trigeminal Nerve
Facial touch and chewing
VI Abducens Nerve
Eye movemet ( lateral)
VII Facial Nerve
Expression and taste 9 anterior tongue)
VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Balance and hearing
IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Swallowing and taste (posterior tongue)
X Vagus
Vocalization and visceral oragans, and taste (throat)
XI Accessory Nervee
Neck Movement
XII Hypoglossal Nerve
Tongue movment
