unit 1 Flashcards
William James
wrote principles of psychology (1890); renaissance man delving into broad academics
James-lange theory of emotion
believed that the causal relationship between the factors was 1) appraisal, 2) physiology changes, 3) conscious awareness
-awareness of emotion is determined by previous step in chain of events (could just inexplicably experience physiological changes and determine conscious fear)
basic components of emotion
1- cognition / appraisal, 2-physiological changes and behavior, 3-conscious awareness of the emotion
cannon-bard theory
each component of emotion arises independently (bc of timing of things)
-emotion cant come without stimulus
schacter-singer theory
cognitive appraisal of situation explains physiological/ behavioral response (physiology changes to appraisal (to explain physiological.. ex= exercise), to cognitive awareness of emotion or not
-need physiological and appraisal to get emotion
=emotional states are result of appraisal since physiological changes don’t vary much by emotion.
superior/ dorsal
above/ toward the back (fin)
inferior/ ventral
below/ toward the belly
anterior/ rostral
toward the front/ toward the beak
posterior/ caudal
behind/ toward the tail
nissl stain
shows cell bodies
myelin stain
shows axons
PFC
decision making, guiding behavior, working memory, mood regulation, and inhibition of inappropriate actions= executive function
- ventromedial PFC= mood and action regulation
- dorsolateral PFC= working memory/ decisions
rat PFC
connects to amygdala and regulates fear response
-anterior cingulate (aCg), prelimbic (PL), infra limbic (IL)
fornix
connects hippocampus to the hypothalamus
hippocampus
long term declarative memory; spatial navigation (grid cells), context dependent associations
-dentate gyrus= site of neurogenesis
amygdala
required for fear expression
- damage leads to kluver-bucy syndrome= hyperphagia= overactive eating behavior (overstimulation)
- major afferents= sensory thalamus and cortex; hippocampus; PFC
- major efferents= hypothalamus; brainstem nuclei (NT release); PFC
patient SM
bilateral amygdala lesions and decreased experience of fear, but could still experience physiological fear
hypothalamus
cluster of subdivisions responsible for balance and regulation of brain and body
-important nuclei= PVN , dorsomedial nucleus, posterior nucleus, and pituitary gland
PVN
releases corticotropin releasing factor and this initiates stress response
dorsomedial
blood pressure and heart rate
posterior nucleus of hypothalamus
pupil dilation and blood pressure
parasympathetic NS
source= brainstem nuclei/ lower spinal cord
- shifts from parasympathetic control sympathetic
- rest and digest= saliva production, sends blood to digestive system and slows heartbeat
sympathetic NS
source= mid-spinal cord (works to adjust to changes in environment)
- fight or flight= pupil dilation, assess situation, increase O2 and glucose to muscles, increase breathing rate and heart rate
- turns off parasympathetic (blood stops going to digestion, reproduction, and saliva production)
- piloerection (cat hair up/ goosebumps to look bigger) and sweating are started
- freezing and tonic immobility can also be created
HPA axis
responds to stress- cascade of hormonal activation
- includes hypothalamus= PVN, pituitary, and adrenal gland
- rats have very similar HPA axis
PVN
receives indirect input from amygdala (excitatory) via bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST) into the anterior lobe of the pituitary
-sends CRH to ant pit
CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone
pituitary gland
releases many kinds of hormones into the bloodstream to stimulate activity of organs and other glands
- during stress/ fear, sends adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) to adrenal
- pituitary releases ACTH to adrenal
adrenal gland
medulla- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
cortex- produces glucocorticoids= “cort” (human= cortisol, rat= corticosterone)
glucocorticoid and NE
make their way from adrenal back to brain to participate in a negative feedback loop to regulate how the brain responds to the stressor
-negative feedback includes mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid (MR)
high affinity, bound under basal (no-stress) conditions
glucocorticoid (GR)
low affinity, bound ONLY under stressful conditions
-GR negative feedback happens through rapid GR action in the medial PFC and hippo
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)
“extended amygdala”
- normally inhibits the PVN, keeping stress off
1) if threat is detected, amygdala neurons inhibit the inhibitory BNST neurons, leading to excitation of the PVN and HPA activation
2) GR activation in PFC and hippocampus neurons excited the inhibitory neurons in BNST, leading to suppression of the HPA axis
monoamines
class of NT- serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
review experiments from stress hormones lecture
do it
agonist
mimic the NT- sufficiency test
antagonist
block the NT- necessity test
sufficiency test
test to determine if something is enough for the effect- activate it (stimulate)
necessity test
test to determine if something is needed for the effect- remove it (lesion, antagonist)
