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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of life

A

biology

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2
Q

All living things share these common functions:

A

Responsiveness - doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment

Growth - an increase in organism size

Reproduction - creation of new generations of similar organisms

Movement - may be internal or external

Metabolism - sum total of all chemical operations in the body

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3
Q

absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

A

respiration

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4
Q

breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed

A

digestion

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5
Q

eliminating waste products generated by metabolic operations

A

excretion

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6
Q

How do vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement depend on metabolism?

A

Metabolism refers to all the chemical operations in the body. Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement.

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7
Q

study of internal and external structure; relationships between body parts

A

anatomy

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8
Q

aka macroscopic anatomy; studies structures visible with unaided eye

A

gross anatomy

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9
Q

study of general form and superficial markings

A

surface anatomy

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10
Q

study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body

A

regional anatomy

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11
Q

study of the structure of major organ systems

A

systemic anatomy

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12
Q

studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification

A

microscopic anatomy

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13
Q

study of internal structure of individual cells

A

cytology

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14
Q

study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

A

histology

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15
Q

study of function in living organisms

A

physiology

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16
Q

study of the functions of the human body

A

human physiology

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17
Q

the functions of living cells

A

cell physiology

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18
Q

the physiology of specific organs

A

special physiology

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19
Q

all aspects of the function of specific organ systems

A

systemic physiology

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20
Q

the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

A

pathological physiology or pathology

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21
Q

Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related.

A

zAnatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures.

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22
Q

Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why?

A

Histologists specialize in histology, the study of the structure and properties of tissues and the cells that compose tissues. Because histologists must use microscopes to observe cells, they are specialists in microscopic anatomy.

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23
Q

chemical level

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, they combine to for molecules. Molecular shape defines function

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24
Q

cellular level

A

made up of cells, the smallest living units in the body

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25
tissue level
similar cells working together to perform a specific function form a tissue
26
organ level
two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions from an organ
27
organ system level
organs interacting to perform specific functions form organ systems
28
organism level
all the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health form an organism
29
Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex.
.The major levels of organization from the simplest to the most complex are the following: chemical level —> cellular level —> tissue level —> organ level —> organ system level —> organism level.
30
Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions.
1. integumentary system (protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature, and provides sensory information) 2. skeletal system (provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells); 3. muscular system (provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, and produces heat) 4. nervous system (directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions) 5. endocrine system (directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems) 6. cardiovascular system (transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) 7. lymphatic system (defends against infection and disease, and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream) 8. respiratory system (delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange can occur between the air and bloodstream, and produces sound for communication) 9. digestive system (processes food and absorbs nutrients) 10. urinary system (eliminates waste products from the blood, and controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced) 10. reproductive system (male produces sex cells [sperm] and hormones, and female produces sex cells [oocytes], hormones, and supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth).
31
Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of the body’s other systems?
The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems.
32
a state of internal balance or stable internal environment
homeostasis
33
adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
homeostasis regulation
34
homeostasis involves: • a ________ that senses a particular change or stimulus • a ________ that receives and processes information from the receptor • an ________ that responds to the control center commands
receptor; control center; effector
35
Homeostatic Example
• Thermostat is set at desired temperature >> Variation outside desired range triggers response >> Response negates the original stimulus >> Example of negative feedback
36
Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?
Homeostatic regulation is important because it keeps physiological systems within carefully controlled limits, preventing potentially disruptive changes in the body’s internal environment.
37
What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
When homeostasis fails, organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction. The result is the state we call disease. If the situation is not corrected, death can result.
38
most common form of homeostatic regulation; regardless of whether the stimulus (such as temperature) rises or falls at the receptor
negative feedback
39
negative feedback example
thermoregulation
40
response reinforces or exaggerates original stimulus
positive feedback
41
Explain the function of negative feedback systems.
egative feedback systems provide control over the body’s internal conditions—that is, they maintain homeostasis—by counteracting the effects of a stimulus.
42
Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature, as with a fever?
Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to intensify any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.
43
Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature, as with a fever?
Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to intensify any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.
44
common language required for clear communication; describes body regions, anatomical landmarks, directions, and body sections
medical terminology
45
hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together
anatomical position
46
face up
supine
47
face down
prone
48
used by clinicians to locate aches, pains, injuries
abdominopelvic quadrants
49
used by anatomists for more precise location of internal organs
abdominopelvic regions
50
ventral
anterior
51
dorsal
posterior
52
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal plane (coronal plane)
53
divides body into left and right portions
sagittal plane
54
divides into equal right and left halves
midsagittal plane
55
divides into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
56
What is the purpose of anatomical terms?
The purpose of anatomical terms is to provide a standardized language and frame of reference for describing the human body.
57
Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, an anterior view displays the body’s front, whereas a posterior view displays the back.
58
What type of section would separate the two eyes?
The two eyes would be separated by a sagittal section. A midsagittal section would separate them evenly.
59
closed, fluid-filled spaces; lined by thin tissue layer called serous membrane; contain internal organs suspended within them
body cavities
60
two major regions of body cavities are separated by the diaphragm*
thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity *flat muscular sheet
61
internal organs enclosed by these cavities
viscera
62
portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ
visceral layer
63
opposing portion that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber
parietal layer
64
thoracic cavity contains three internal chambers:
a single pericardial cavity | pair of pleural cavities (one of each lung)
65
in the thoracic cavity, the heart projects into a space known as the
pericardial cavity
66
pericardial cavity is lined by serous membrane called:
pericardium
67
layer covering the heart
visceral pericardium
68
outer layer covering the heart
parietal pericardium
69
each lung is found within its own pleural cavity lined by serous membrane called:
pleura
70
layer covering the outer surfaces of a lung
visceral pleura
71
layer that lines the edge of the mediastinum and the inner body wall
parietal pleura
72
extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
abdominopelvic cavity
73
superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
74
inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic cavity
75
abdominopelvic cavity contains the ________ cavity
peritoneal
76
peritoneal cavity lined by serous membrane called:
peritoneum
77
membrane covers internal organs
visceral peritoneum
78
membrane lines inner surface of body wall
parietal peritoneum
79
few organs lie between peritoneal lining and wall of abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
80
Describe two essential functions of body cavities.
Body cavities protect internal organs and cushion them from movements that occur while walking, running, or jumping. Body cavities also permit organs that they surround to change in size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs.
81
Describe the various body cavities of the trunk.
The thoracic cavity includes the pleural and pericardial cavities, which enclose the lungs and heart respectively. The diaphragm forms the boundary between the superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity
82
If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened?
The body cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic (or peritoneal) cavity.

HHP 123 (2 decks)

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